The Hatch Act of 1887 established agricultural education as primarily academic with a strong scientific base, supported by the leadership of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The Smith-Hughes Act shifted to vocational emphasis and leadership by the Federal Board for Vocational Education. Examination of the profession's history can lead back to…

A review of the history of competition and collaboration between agricultural education and cooperative extension identified the controversies and concerns of leaders after the passage of the Smith-Lever and Smith-Hughes Acts. Agricultural and cooperative extension leaders must look at the historical memoranda of understanding to find…