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Descriptors:
Grade Point Average; Outcome Measures; Video Games; Effect Size; Academic Achievement; Case Studies; Aggression; Spatial Ability; Mathematics Skills; Violence; Hispanic Americans; Adolescents; Preadolescents; Age Differences; Correlation; Visual Perception

Abstract:
The United States Supreme Court's recent decision relating to violent video games revealed divisions within the scientific community about the potential for negative effects of such games as well as the need for more, higher quality research. Scholars also have debated the potential for violent games to have positive effects such as on visuospatial cognition or math ability. The current study sought to extend previous literature by using well-validated clinical outcome measures for relevant constructs, which have generally been lacking in past research. Cross-section data on aggression, visuospatial cognition, and math achievement were available for a sample of 333 (51.7% female) mostly Hispanic youth (mean age = 12.76). Prospective 1-year data on aggression and school GPA were available for 143 (46.2% female) of those youth. Results from both sets of analysis revealed that exposure to violent game had neither short-term nor long-term predictive influences on either positive or negative outcomes. A developmental analysis of the cross-sectional data revealed that results did not differ across age categories of older children, preadolescents or adolescents. Analysis of effect sizes largely ruled out Type II error as a possible explanation for null results. Suggestions for new directions in the field of video game research are proffered. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Drinking; Cross Cultural Studies; Alcohol Abuse; Gender Differences; Correlation; Hierarchical Linear Modeling; Surveys; Cultural Differences; Violence; Marriage; Interpersonal Relationship; Males

Abstract:
This study explores whether associations between consuming alcohol in bars and alcohol-related harms are consistent across countries and whether country-level characteristics modify associations. We hypothesized that genderedness of bar drinking modifies associations, such that odds of harms associated with bar drinking increase more rapidly in predominantly male bar-drinking countries. Multilevel analysis was used to analyze survey data from 21 countries representing five continents from Gender, Alcohol, and Culture: An International Study (GENACIS). Bar frequency was positively associated with harms overall. Relationships between bar frequency and harms varied across country. Genderedness modified associations between bar frequency and odds of fights, marriage/relationship harms, and work harms. Findings were significant only for men. Contrary to our hypothesis, odds of harms associated with bar drinking increased less rapidly in countries where bar drinking is predominantly male. This suggests predominantly male bar drinking cultures may be protective for males who more frequently drink in bars. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Adolescents; Addictive Behavior; Resilience (Psychology); Theories; Multivariate Analysis; Risk; Drug Abuse; Marijuana; Drinking; Violence; Delinquency; Peer Influence; Parent Child Relationship

Abstract:
The current study examined the application of resilience theory to adolescent gambling using Latent Class Analysis (LCA) to establish subtypes of adolescent gamblers and to explore risk and promotive factors associated with gambling group membership. Participants were a diverse sample of 249 adolescents ages 14 to 18 (30.1 % female, 59.4 % African American) presenting to an inner-city emergency department (ED) who reported having gambled at least once in the previous year. Two classes of gamblers were identified and distinguished based on the probability of endorsing gambling consequences: high consequence gamblers (class 1) and low consequence gamblers (class 2). Despite similar profiles on gambling frequency and largest amount gambled, high consequence gamblers (accounting for 37.8% of current gamblers) were more likely than low consequence gamblers to gamble more than planned, feel bad about their gambling, have arguments with friends and family about gambling and to borrow to pay back money lost while gambling. Compared to the low consequence group, high consequence gamblers were more likely to use marijuana, consume alcohol, engage in peer and dating violence and delinquency, and to report negative peer influences. Low consequence gamblers had higher levels of parental monitoring. Individuals in the high consequence group had higher scores on the risk, and lower scores on the promotive, factor index and Risk x Promotive Factor Index scores predicted gambling group membership. These findings support a risk-protective model of resilience and indicate that promotive factors buffer against high consequence gambling in the context of risk. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Personality Traits; Psychological Patterns; Therapy; Personality; Violence; Cognitive Restructuring; Behavior Modification; Aggression; Outcomes of Treatment; Antisocial Behavior; Personality Problems

Abstract:
Cognitive behavioral therapies have positive effects on anger and aggression; however, individuals differ in their response to treatment. The authors previously found that dynamic factors, such as increases in readiness to change, are associated with enhanced outcomes for violence reduction training. This study investigated how less dynamic factors, specifically Cluster B personality traits, moderate the effects of violence reduction training. The authors used mixed modeling to fit growth curves to 14 weeks of anger strategies data and evaluated whether the presence of Cluster B traits affected pretreatment anger levels and rates of change. As expected, overall levels of negative anger strategies decreased across the 14-week treatment. Participants with antisocial, borderline, and histrionic personality features reported higher rates of negative anger strategies, whereas those with narcissistic personality features reported fewer negative anger strategies. Those with antisocial personality features improved at a rate similar to the overall trend of those without Cluster B traits. Those with borderline and histrionic features improved at an accelerated rate. (Contains 4 tables and 1 figure.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Violence; Females; Race; Racial Relations; Intimacy; Risk; Conflict; National Surveys; Regression (Statistics); Interpersonal Relationship; Child Abuse; Sexual Abuse; Measures (Individuals)

Abstract:
The number of interracial relationships in the United States continues to increase. The fact is, though, that race remains a significant influence in the lives of individuals and in their relationships. Although there is evidence that relationships that cross racial/ethnic boundaries may be at greater risk for conflict and dissolution, there have been few investigations as to whether such relationships are at greater risk for violence. Using data from the National Violence Against Women Survey, I find that there are differences in risk of intimate violence depending on the racial/ethnic dyad of the couple. Ethnic monoracial relationships demonstrate the greatest risk for physical and nonphysical forms of violence, controlling for structural factors, whereas women in interracial relationships report higher rates of nonphysical violence, as compared with women in White monoracial relationships. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. (Contains 7 notes and 3 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Behavior Problems; Adolescents; Coping; Violence; Social Support Groups; High School Students; Parent Child Relationship; Antisocial Behavior; Role; Socioeconomic Status; Questionnaires; Correlation; Symptoms (Individual Disorders)

Abstract:
The role of coping strategies (approach and avoidance) as a mediating factor between parental psychological violence and adolescent behavior problems, both internalized and externalized, as well as the protective role of social support were examined separately for boys and girls. A group of 278 adolescents (mean age: 14.2) were recruited in three high schools located in low, moderate, and high socioeconomic areas. Participants were in the seventh, eighth, and ninth grades, and each completed a self-administered questionnaire. The use of avoidant coping strategies partially mediated the link between parental psychological violence and behavior problems among girls. The use of approach coping strategies partially mediated the link between parental psychological violence and behavior problems among boys. In all cases, coping enhanced this link. No protective role of social support was found. On the contrary, this variable was found to increase the relationship between parental psychological violence and externalized behavior problems among boys. These findings suggest that interventions aimed at strengthening coping skills and social support in adolescents may not be effective in alleviating various behavioral symptoms associated with parental psychological violence. They highlight the importance of prevention of psychologically violent parental practices, instead of only reacting to the problem after it has occurred. (Contains 4 tables, 3 figures, and 1 note.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Mental Retardation; Children; Adolescents; At Risk Persons; Evaluation Methods; Child Abuse; Intelligence; Measures (Individuals); Predictive Validity; Sexual Abuse; Sexuality; Interpersonal Relationship; Symptoms (Individual Disorders); Violence; Victims; Crime

Abstract:
The study explored the predictive validity of "Multiplex Empirically Guided Inventory of Ecological Aggregates for Assessing Sexually Abusive Children and Adolescents (Ages 4 to 19)" ("MEGA"[eighth note]; Miccio-Fonseca, 2006b), a comprehensive developmentally sensitive risk assessment outcome tool. "MEGA"[eighth note] assesses risk for coarse sexual improprieties and/or sexually abusive behavior in male and female youth ages 4 to 19 years (adjudicated and nonadjudicated), including youth with low (i.e., borderline) intellectual functioning. "MEGA"[eighth note] has 4 distinct risk scales with robust internal consistency reliability on cross-validation: "Risk Scale (0.81)", "Protective Scale (0.78)", "Estrangement Scale (0.79)", and "Persistent Sexual Deviancy Scale (0.74)". Sexual recidivism in cross-validation (N = 1,056) was 8.4%, defined as sexually related probation or parole violation (formal or informal). ROC analysis for Risk Scale demonstrated "MEGA"[eighth note] has good predictive validity (AUC = 0.71, 95% CI of 0.62-0.80, p less than 0.001). Youth with low intellectual functioning scored significantly higher on the "Risk Scale" and "Persistent Sexual Deviancy Scale", highlighting the importance of accurately assessing these youth. (Contains 3 figures and 2 footnotes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Academic Achievement; Underachievement; Program Effectiveness; Achievement Need; Substance Abuse; Adolescents; African Americans; Asian Americans; Suicide; High Achievement; Correlation; Measures (Individuals); Risk; Grades (Scholastic); Mental Health; Violence; Comparative Analysis; Models

Abstract:
The present study tested the model minority and inferior minority assumptions by examining the relationship between academic performance and measures of behavioral health in a subsample of 3,008 (22%) participants in a nationally representative, multicultural sample of 13,601 students in the 2001 Youth Risk Behavioral Survey, comparing Asian Americans (N = 408) and African Americans (N = 2,600). Specifically, the study examined associations of students' self-reported grades with suicide risk, substance abuse, and violent behaviors. The findings revealed that high academic performance is a protective factor against behavioral health problems for both ethnic groups. The results raise questions about the focus on high achievement among Asian Americans versus academic underachievement among African Americans. Implications for theory, research, training and practice in addressing the mental health implications of achievement behavior in Asian American and African American youth are discussed. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Conflict; Foreign Countries; Politics of Education; Correlation; Political Attitudes; Violence; Conflict Resolution; Power Structure; Educational Philosophy; Educational Administration

Abstract:
This article examines the contentious relationship between education and the Maoist insurgency in Nepal, analyzing the political intrusion on the education sector before and after the multi-party polity was restored in 1990, and the violent experiences of teachers and students during the decade-long conflict (1996-2006). It argues that the end of the conflict in 2006 has merely reduced the tangible attacks on education, as the political interference in the education system continues. During the post-accord transition, schools symbolize power centres in the community which provide a space for multi-party political scuffles. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Animals; Humanism; Violence; Trauma; Evolution; Humanities

Abstract:
On January 3, 2012, the "New York Times" featured an article announcing the emergence of the new interdisciplinary field of animal studies, which is spreading across college campuses in new course offerings, new majors, and new undergraduate and graduate programs. This new field grows out of, on the one hand, a long history of scientific research on animals whose cumulative results (animal cognition, animal emotions, animal communication, animal morality) have now decisively blurred the "once-sharp distinction" between human and nonhuman animals, and, on the other hand, the field of cultural studies, which has been focused on "ignored and marginalized humans"--for example, women and minorities who were once considered "outsiders," not quite fully human, and often closer to animals. In the context of violence and trauma, the field of animal studies emerges in recent years not as the latest academic curiosity to be reported, somewhat smugly, in the "New York Times" or as the most recent challenge from within the university to business-as-usual in the crisis-prone humanities. The interdisciplinary field of animal studies emerges as a call to relinquish the habit and the hubris of anthropocentrism and humanism and to broaden the sense of "our time" to include the catastrophe that is the systematic and relentless and ongoing exploitation, abuse, and killing of nonhuman animals. Moreover, the author points out that animal studies calls on individuals to see the deep and abiding connection between how they interact with and treat each other and how they interact with and treat nonhuman others. In this article, the author talks about understanding the problem of human violence by focusing on cultural studies, animal studies, and the promise of posthumanism. (Contains 29 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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