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Descriptors:
Human Body; Physical Activities; Training; Track and Field; Males; Athletes; Exercise Physiology; Biomechanics; Comparative Analysis; Foreign Countries

Abstract:
Our purpose was to compare the effect of a periodized preparation consisting of power endurance training and high-intensity power training on the contractile properties of the quadriceps muscle and functional performances in well trained male sprinters (n = 7). After 4 weeks of high-intensity power training, 60-m sprint running time improved by an average of 1.83% (SD = 0.96; p less than 0.05). This improvement was inversely related to an increase in maximal voluntary contraction torque (r = -0.89, p less than 0.05) and poorly correlated with changes in the contractile kinetics of the quadriceps muscle (r range from 0.36 to -0.46). These findings suggest that sprint performance is poorly predicted by muscle intrinsic properties and that a neural adaptation appears to explain most of the observed functional adaptations. (Contains 2 tables and 1 figure.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Aquatic Sports; Physical Activities; Athletics; Track and Field; Team Sports; Exercise Physiology; Exercise; Human Body; Metabolism; Athletes

Abstract:
There is an expectation that at each Olympic Games, and at other international events, new record performances will be achieved. This article describes some of the research that has been done to consider whether (as a result of human endeavour alone), records will always continue to be broken or whether there are limits to the shortest achievable times in running and swimming, or the greatest achievable heights or distances in jumping events. (Contains 1 box and 1 figure.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Video Technology; Athletics; Physical Activities; Track and Field; Computers; Athletes; Photography; Information Technology

Abstract:
Video photography of races is now routinely used in international running events to provide automatic recording of the position within each race achieved by the athletes, as well as the time taken in order to check whether records have been broken. This article describes how several cameras provide the evidence that is collated using computers and is available for checking and verification by officials. (Contains 7 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Classroom Techniques; Track and Field; Aquatic Sports; Prediction; Interaction; Human Body; Physical Activities; Physical Education; Physical Activity Level; Research; Data Analysis; Models

Abstract:
The conductors of this study reviewed prediction research and studied the accomplishments and compromises in predicting world records and best performances in track and field and swimming. The results of the study showed that prediction research only promises to describe the historical trends in track and field and swimming performances, to study the limits of human body based on current data, to examine factors that affect human's running, jumping, throwing, and swimming, and to understand the characteristics of human beings. Prediction research cannot accurately predict new world records and future best performances. In the future, prediction research should become an integrated research field consisting of different specialty areas. Researchers need to develop a better model in which random variables could be separated out as independent variables in order to reflect the complex interaction effects and to understand the nature, characteristics, and limitations of humans using world record/best performance data. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Physical Education; Guidelines; Track and Field; Exercise Physiology; Athletic Coaches

Abstract:
Accurate quantification of training intensity is an essential component of a training program (Rowbottom, 2000). A training program designed to optimize athlete performance abilities cannot be practically planned or implemented without a valid and reliable indication of training intensity and its effect on the physiological mechanisms of the human body (Olbrecht, 2001; Rowbottom, 2000). Additionally, for sport coaches to make evidence-based changes in the training process, or assess an athlete's physiologic response to a training prescription, valid and reliable measures of training intensity must be used (Olbrecht, 2001; Rowbottom, 2000). This study developed and field tested a standardized system of training intensity guidelines for the sports of track and field/cross-country, modeled after the standardized system of training intensity guidelines developed, adopted, and in use by U.S.A. Swimming; and explored track and field and cross-country coaches' receptivity to, and perceived utility of, the guidelines developed. This paper: (a) reviews the training intensity guidelines developed, inclusive of the associated physiologic metrics validated in the study; (b) describes a seasonal application of the guidelines; and (c) concludes with supporting commentary from the teacher/coaches interviewed in the study; all of whom uniformly confirmed the utility and applicability of the guidelines. (Contains 1 figure and 1 table.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Track and Field; Students; Athletes; Athletics; Foreign Countries; Mathematics; Mathematics Instruction; Mathematics Education; Mathematics Teachers; College Students; Higher Education

Abstract:
With the London 2012 Olympics coming up, now is a good time for teachers to turn to track and field athletics for an application that has the potential to be intrinsically interesting to many pupils in schools new undergraduates. In this article, curves, well-known amongst former generations of pupils, are revisited by looking at the markings on the track for competitors in a range of events. Reciprocal spirals and involutes of circles emerge. These describe staggered starts and curved start lines, respectively. Modelling and other practical tasks based on measurements laid down by the IAAF are discussed. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Injuries; Anatomy; Sports Medicine; Athletes; Athletic Coaches; Junior High School Students; High School Students; Track and Field; Prevention

Abstract:
Shin splints are a common but often confusing injury. Sources disagree on both the cause of the injury and the anatomical source of the pain. Some blame shin splints on foot pronation, footstrike pattern, or arch height. Regardless of what causes the condition, it affects many runners, beginning in some at a young age. Young runners often have little understanding of basic anatomy or factors that may cause injuries. Junior high and high school runners may experience an injury before they have an understanding of causes or prevention. It is the responsibility of coaches to clearly explain the basics of injuries like shin splints and factors that cause these injuries. The purpose of this article is to help junior high and high school coaches understand shin splints, allowing them to educate young runners about the condition in an attempt to prevent it from happening. (Contains 2 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Community Programs; Program Development; Developmental Disabilities; Physical Disabilities; Autism; Cerebral Palsy; Young Adults; Physical Activities; Track and Field; Social Support Groups; Job Training; Books; Retailing; Employment

Abstract:
In these challenging times of cutbacks in public funding for social services programs, parents and grass roots organizations continue to make a difference in their communities with innovative initiatives that are enhancing the lives of people with developmental and physical disabilities. In New York, a track team of speedsters with disabilities is racking up victories against mainstream teams and sending its athletes on to state and regional competitions. In Bucks County Pennsylvania, a coffeehouse is where young adults with autism develop solid peer relationships and hone their social skills, giving them the confidence and ability to be more successful in all aspects of their daily lives. The techniques that have always worked in creating successful programs--passion, determination, and hard work--are still the only essential ingredients for success. This article discusses a new model for community developed services and programs that is catching on in these trying times--social enterprises. In New Jersey, a bookstore is linking its retail operations to an emerging job training program. And in northern California, two businesses created by United Cerebral Palsy of the North Bay are providing scores of jobs for people with disabilities. Individuals and agencies that are interested in developing programs in their community should explore the social enterprises model. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Track and Field; Negative Attitudes; Drug Use; Athletes; Drug Use Testing; Intention; High School Students; Adults; National Surveys; Attitude Measures; Prevention; Influences

Abstract:
The practice of enhancing athletic performance through the use of ergogenic aids or by extraneous artificial means is as old as competitive sport itself. Although the abuse of such substances has been historically problematic, very little research assessing the attitudes of strength/power athletes concerning ergogenic aids exists. As national anti-doping organizations (NADOs) adopt preventative measures to complement detection-based deterrence methods, understanding athlete attitudes towards drugs in sport will take on a new importance. This study was conducted to measure athlete attitudes in the sport of track and field (specifically throwers) toward performance enhancing drug (PED) use and drug testing. The results suggest that both attitude (mean = 1.20 [plus or minus] 0.91) and behavioral intent (mean = 1.27 [plus or minus] 1.5) of throwers in the United States are supportive of the anti-doping movement. However, the score on subjective norm (mean = -0.18 [plus or minus] 1.03) was negative suggesting that track and field throwers perceive doping as a problem in elite-level (professional or post-collegiate) track and field. The conclusions of the present study support previous research findings: negative attitudes towards doping and positive attitudes in support of drug testing. (Contains 6 tables and 2 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Muscular Strength; Body Composition; Track and Field; Physical Activities; Mental Retardation; Physical Fitness; Athletes; Specialization; Adults; Well Being; Comparative Analysis; Recreational Activities; Leisure Time; Correlation; Team Sports; Body Weight

Abstract:
Although several studies showed the positive effects of exercise and physical activity on health and well-being for individuals with ID, there is a lack of information about the influence of sport specialization on fitness and health components. Therefore, the aims of this study were to assess: (a) physical fitness of athletes with intellectual disability (ID) compared with individuals included in recreational and leisure activity programs (non-athletic people); (b) contribution of sport specialization on athletes' fitness; and c) correlation of each fitness variable with subjects' ID levels. Twenty-two track and field, 19 basketball, and 23 non-athletic adults were recruited. Before and after a 9-month period, all participants performed fitness tests assessing body composition, flexibility (SR), arm muscular strength (HG), lower and upper-body muscular strength and endurance (SUP and PUP), explosive leg power (SLJ), cardiovascular endurance (ST), balance ability (FT), motor coordination (TUGT). The results showed that participants' weight, BMI and FT were significantly affected by time; SLJ by activity; ST, HG, PUP, SUP, and TUGT by both time and activity. Only track and field athletes increased significantly ST. All athletes improved significantly HG, PUP and SUP, instead non-athletic people decreased significantly SUP (p less than 0.01). TUGT improved significantly in track and field athletes (p less than 0.05), and decreased significantly in non-athletic people. ID level was positively correlated to TUGT. Findings of this study showed that physical activity improved fitness in adult athletes with ID, decreasing health risks. Athletes with lower ID obtained higher performance scores in motor coordination test. (Contains 2 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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