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Descriptors:
Adolescents; Substance Abuse; Mental Disorders; Personality Traits; Conceptual Tempo; Anxiety; Symptoms (Individual Disorders); Risk

Abstract:
There is a high overlap between substance misuse and mental health disorders in adolescents. Certain personality traits (i.e., sensation seeking, impulsivity, hopelessness, and anxiety sensitivity) may be related to increased risk for mental health symptoms and/or substance misuse. The current study examined the relationships between personality and both substance use problems and externalizing and internalizing mental health symptoms in two clinical samples of adolescents. One sample consisted of adolescents receiving treatment for a primary mental health disorder, while the other sample included adolescents receiving treatment for a primary substance use disorder. A total of 116 participants (58 for each sample) completed the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (SURPS), to examine personality factors, the Brief Child and Family Phone Interview- Self-Report, to examine mental health disorder symptoms, and the Personal Experience Screening Questionnaire, to examine substance use problems. After controlling for age, gender, and sample, sensation seeking and impulsivity were positively related to substance use problems, impulsivity was positively related to symptoms of externalizing disorders, and anxiety sensitivity and hopelessness were positively related to symptoms of internalizing disorders. These findings support the utility of the SURPS in predicting theoretically relevant symptoms in clinical samples of adolescents. Moreover, they extend previous research that has focused on using the SURPS as a predictor of substance misuse to its utility in also predicting mental health disorder symptoms. These findings have implications for improving mental health and addictions treatment services for adolescents. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Resilience (Psychology); Depression (Psychology); Foreign Countries; Family Violence; Cross Cultural Studies; Questionnaires; At Risk Persons; Individual Characteristics; Adolescents; Aggression; Gender Differences; Experience; Socioeconomic Status; Predictor Variables; Parenting Styles; Verbal Communication; Teacher Influence; Parent Influence; Substance Abuse; Peer Relationship; Grade 8

Abstract:
Questionnaire data from a cross-sectional study of a randomly selected sample of 5,149 middle-school students from four EU countries (Austria, Germany, Slovenia, and Spain) were used to explore the effects of family violence burden level, structural and procedural risk and protective factors, and personal characteristics on adolescents who are resilient to depression and aggression despite being exposed to domestic violence. Using logistic regression to identify resilience characteristics, our results indicate that structural risks like one's sex, migration experience, and socioeconomic status were not predictive of either family violence burden levels or resilience. Rather, nonresilience to family violence is derived from a combination of negative experiences with high levels of family violence in conjunction with inconsistent parenting, verbally aggressive teachers, alcohol and drug misuse and experiences of indirect aggression with peers. Overall, negative factors outweigh positive factors and play a greater role in determining the resilience level that a young person achieves. (Contains 7 tables and 2 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Performance Based Assessment; Teacher Education; Data Analysis; Student Leadership; Testing; Resident Advisers; Statistical Analysis; Substance Abuse; Leadership; Workshops

Abstract:
A primary goal of assessment is to deliver truthful and clear information that can be used to inform and improve outcomes. Although there are multiple ways to achieve this goal, common approaches can be broken down into two major categories: (1) direct assessment; and (2) indirect assessment. Indirect assessment typically relies on general measures and students' self-reports of what they have learned. Direct assessment, on the other hand, is a good way to observe very tangible evidence of assessment outcomes. Direct assessments are those using "structured, predetermined response options that can be summarized into meaningful numbers and analyzed statistically." Whereas indirect assessments provide a picture of student perspectives, direct assessments indicate what they actually know or are able to do. Direct assessment can take many forms, such as quizzes, commercial tests, and portfolios. All of these direct assessments share a common theme of being able to demonstrate the students' learning. Conducting direct assessment can provide assessment data that are viewed as more valid and legitimate by both staff and faculty alike. In this article, the authors outline how three separate departments at the University of North Carolina Wilmington (UNCW) used direct assessments to develop a better understanding of what their students knew, as well as to enhance their trainings and workshops. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Academic Achievement; Underachievement; Program Effectiveness; Achievement Need; Substance Abuse; Adolescents; African Americans; Asian Americans; Suicide; High Achievement; Correlation; Measures (Individuals); Risk; Grades (Scholastic); Mental Health; Violence; Comparative Analysis; Models

Abstract:
The present study tested the model minority and inferior minority assumptions by examining the relationship between academic performance and measures of behavioral health in a subsample of 3,008 (22%) participants in a nationally representative, multicultural sample of 13,601 students in the 2001 Youth Risk Behavioral Survey, comparing Asian Americans (N = 408) and African Americans (N = 2,600). Specifically, the study examined associations of students' self-reported grades with suicide risk, substance abuse, and violent behaviors. The findings revealed that high academic performance is a protective factor against behavioral health problems for both ethnic groups. The results raise questions about the focus on high achievement among Asian Americans versus academic underachievement among African Americans. Implications for theory, research, training and practice in addressing the mental health implications of achievement behavior in Asian American and African American youth are discussed. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Substance Abuse; At Risk Persons; Foreign Countries; Drug Abuse; Young Adults; Personal Narratives; Personal Autonomy; Alcohol Abuse; Early Adolescents; Interviews; Attitude Measures; Social Influences; Psychological Patterns

Abstract:
The provision of alcohol and other drug (AOD) programmes in Australia targeting a broad age range of young people may inadvertently obscure the particular service needs of early teenagers. In this study, we describe four main accounts of substance use identified through interviews with 20 AOD service-engaged participants in Victoria, aged from 13 to 15 years. These were: that their substance use is purposeful; that it is generally controlled; that their futures would involve competent substance use and that they did not require treatment. Each of these narratives rebuts a wider social construction of drug use as inevitably problematic and necessitating an institutional response. While participants' narratives of substance use resemble accounts made by older AOD users, they have particular implications for service delivery. We suggest that workers might both employ and seek to modify early teenagers' concerns about autonomy. First, services should work to be viewed by young people as resources for living well rather than as institutions designed to cure the sick and weak of will, and programmes should offer participants opportunities to enact desired selves without reliance on AOD. Second, we argue that valorising autonomy can be detrimental for already-marginalised early teenagers. Hence workers might over time encourage and resource young people to rethink this narrative of selfhood. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Social Status; Drinking; Social Influences; Parent Participation; Rural Areas; Public Health; Crime; Substance Abuse; Student Behavior; Questionnaires; Secondary School Students; High School Students; Counties; Behavior Problems; At Risk Persons; Gender Differences; Alcohol Abuse; Parent Child Relationship; Trust (Psychology); Athletics; Aesthetics

Abstract:
Aims: To investigate social influence, health, criminality and substance use in a sample of 1288 Norwegian rural adolescents. Relations between these factors and substance use were examined. Methods: Data were obtained from the "UngData" study. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted among adolescents (n = 740) in nine secondary schools and among 548 adolescents in three high schools across two counties. The response rate was 63%. Findings: Deviant behaviours had higher social status among males and adolescents in high school. The social status of deviant behaviours and participation in criminal activities were associated with alcohol and illicit substance use. Parent-adolescent trust was positively associated with alcohol use and parent involvement with friends was similarly related to illicit substance use. The social status of physical appearance and talent in sports were negatively associated with alcohol use. Conclusions: Early intervention could promote the social status of healthy activities and reduce the status of deviant behaviours. The transition between secondary school and high school may constitute a risk period for establishing problem behaviours and interventions should target this period. Research should test whether substance availability relates to differences in substance use in rural and urban settlements. (Contains 7 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Substance Abuse; Child Behavior; Check Lists; Child Health; Neonates; Adolescents; Behavior Problems; Correlation; Measures (Individuals); Risk; Health Behavior; Symptoms (Individual Disorders); Case Studies; Longitudinal Studies; Scores; Mother Attitudes; Anxiety; Depression (Psychology); Gender Differences; Identification; Therapy

Abstract:
Internalizing symptoms (withdrawn/depressed and anxious/depressed), measured by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), were examined as related to the development of externalizing problems, a pathway to risky behavior. A cross-section of children ages 6 to 15 was drawn from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development's (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD) longitudinal data set of 1,364 families with full-term, healthy newborns throughout the United States. Internalizing and externalizing scores were determined through mothers' reports on the CBCL. When considered separately and together, internalizing symptoms significantly related to externalizing behaviors, with "anxious/depressed" accounting for the greatest proportion of variance. As age increased, internalizing symptoms accounted for a greater degree of externalizing problem variance. Sex was a significant moderator. Results suggest the utility of identifying and treating internalizing problems early, which may reduce the occurrence of externalizing and risky behaviors such as substance abuse. (Contains 7 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Substance Abuse; Adolescents; Weapons; Drinking; Marijuana; Cocaine; Longitudinal Studies; Drug Abuse; Violence; Correlation; Risk; Academic Failure; Poverty; Race; Ethnicity; Adults; Prediction

Abstract:
Waves I and III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) were used to test the contributions of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, cocaine, LSD, PCP, and other illicit drugs to violence in early adulthood (e.g., took part in a gang fight, pulled a knife or gun, used a weapon in a fight, used a weapon to get something). The two main hypotheses were that well-known, non-substance abuse risk factors for violence in adolescence (e.g., gender, race/ethnicity, poverty, adolescent violence, school failure) would continue to elevate the risk for violence in early adulthood. Furthermore, substance use in early adulthood would eclipse the contribution of substance use in adolescence, thus increasing the risk for early adult violence. Results supported both hypotheses. Substance use in adolescence may not have a lasting influence on adult violence. In addition, the risk for early adult violence may be subject to contemporaneous influences of substance use as well as historical and contemporaneous non-substance use risk factors. (Contains 5 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Addictive Behavior; Substance Abuse; Housing; Homeless People; Focus Groups; At Risk Persons; Qualitative Research; Correlation; Barriers; Behavior Change; Counseling Techniques

Abstract:
People with gambling problems are now recognised among those at increased risk of homelessness, and the link between housing and gambling problems has been identified as an area requiring further research. This paper discusses the findings of a qualitative study that explored the relationship between gambling problems and homelessness. Interviews and a focus group were conducted with 17 people experiencing gambling problems and homelessness, and 18 housing and gambling service providers. The study found that the multiple needs people with gambling and housing problems experience intensifies the complexity of issues they face. These multiple needs have an amplifying and accumulating outcome that compounds the negative effects of each other over time creating additional problems and barriers to resolution. While there can be significant challenges involved, this study suggests it is important to recognise, understand and untangle these complex issues and needs in order to implement effective strategies and assist beneficial change. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Addictive Behavior; Smoking; Adolescents; Measures (Individuals); Multivariate Analysis; Cocaine; Criminals; Substance Abuse; Prediction; Questionnaires; Therapy; Drug Abuse; Crime; Law Enforcement; Correlation; Social Support Groups; Employment; Case Studies

Abstract:
This study assessed the relative importance of problem gambling, cocaine use and selected psychosocial characteristics in predicting criminal convictions. A self-administered questionnaire was completed by clients when admitted to a treatment program for a primary problem with cocaine (n = 300), gambling (n = 199), or tobacco (n = 249). The questionnaire included questions on various psychosocial characteristics and criminal conviction(s) in the past 3 years. Those in treatment for cocaine use or gambling had higher rates of criminal conviction (21.8% and 11.6%, respectively) than those in treatment for tobacco (1.6%). In a multivariate analysis, being in treatment for cocaine or gambling, compared to those in treatment for tobacco, was significantly associated with having had a criminal conviction; while having high levels of social support and being employed full-time were protective factors against criminal conviction. Due to the cross-sectional nature of the study causation cannot be inferred. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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