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Descriptors:
Sexuality; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Disease Control; Sex Education; Visual Impairments; Young Adults; Surveys; Contraception; Teaching Methods; Instructional Materials

Abstract:
Introduction: Little research has been reported on all aspects of sexuality as it pertains to individuals with visual impairments. This article analyzes data on the sexual experiences of young adults who are visually impaired and young adults without disabilities. Methods: The authors conducted a secondary analysis of the National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2) federal database and assessed a nationally representative sample of transition-aged young adults with visual impairments. During the same period as the NLTS2, identical survey questions were asked of young adults without disabilities who participated in survey research by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The CDC survey sample included young adults who were two to three years younger than the participants in the NLTS2 sample. The descriptive analysis presents estimates of the sexual activity and use of contraception by both samples. Results: Of the transition-aged young adults with visual impairments, 57% reported having sexual intercourse, and of the transition-aged young adults without disabilities, 65% reported having sexual intercourse. Likewise, nearly 40% of the young adults with visual impairments and approximately 50% of those without disabilities reported having had sexual intercourse in the three months before the survey. The use of condoms was also similar (64% of those with visual impairments and 54% of those without disabilities) even though the use of contraceptives other than condoms varied between the samples. Discussion: The transition-aged young adults with visual impairments reported having similar rates of sexual experiences as their sighted counterparts, except two to three years later. Implications for Practitioners: The researchers concluded that there is a need to provide effective instruction in sexual health that incorporates meaningful methods and materials that are designed specifically to meet the unique needs of young adults who are visually impaired. (Contains 4 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS); Prevention; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Young Adults; Adolescents; Incidence; At Risk Persons; Sexuality; Health Promotion; Access to Health Care; Family Programs; Social Influences; Social Bias; Minority Groups; African Americans; Hispanic Americans; Homosexuality; Models; Telecommunications; Educational Technology

Abstract:
The World Health Organization estimates that 50% of the 30 million HIV infections worldwide occurred in young people between the ages of 15 and 24 years. In the United States, national statistics estimate that almost 40% of new HIV cases occur in youth ages 13-29 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011). Therefore, a focus on preventing HIV/AIDS among adolescents and young adults is warranted. There has been success in developing efficacious interventions for adolescents that reduce HIV sexual risk behaviors; however, the HIV incidence rates among adolescents remain alarming. This article identifies four areas of intervention development that remain underdeveloped and may guide the next generation of HIV prevention interventions. Family-based interventions, addressing health disparities and understanding the social determinants of health for adolescents, expanding the theoretical models that are relied on in developing interventions, and utilization of new technologies each have promise for successfully assisting adolescents to reduce their risk behaviors and enhance protective factors. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Alcohol Abuse; Males; Sexual Abuse; College Students; Young Adults; Prevention; Drinking; Violence; Questionnaires; At Risk Persons; Health Behavior; Racial Differences; Family Income; Rape

Abstract:
We assessed the association between alcohol consumption and condom use during penetrative sexual assault acts perpetrated by young adult men. Men aged 21 to 35 who reported inconsistent condom use and heavy episodic drinking (N = 225) completed a questionnaire assessing their perpetration of sexual assault since the age of 15, their consumption of alcohol prior to these acts, and their use of condoms during acts involving penetration. Descriptive statistics and Pearson's chi-square tests were used to examine the simultaneous use of alcohol and condom nonuse during penetrative sexual assault acts. More than one third of respondents reported perpetrating at least one penetrative sexual assault 35.6% (n = 79). Condoms were not used in 70.0% of penetrative sexual assaults. When they had consumed alcohol, perpetrators were significantly less likely to use condoms. The sexual assaults reported by this sample typically consisted of perpetrator alcohol consumption and the nonuse of condoms. Programs targeting sexual health and assault risk reduction would be enhanced by addressing this interplay of alcohol, violence, and risk. (Contains 5 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Females; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS); Program Effectiveness; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Health Promotion; Intervention; Drinking; At Risk Persons; Sexuality; Alcohol Abuse; Skill Development; Residential Programs; Prevention; Addictive Behavior

Abstract:
Objective: A pilot randomized clinical trial (RCT) examined effectiveness of HIV/STD Safer Sex Skills Building + Alcohol (SSB+A) intervention for women with Alcohol Use Disorders (AUDs) in a residential treatment setting. Method: After randomizing thirty-six women with AUDs and reporting having intercourse with a male partner in the past 180 days to SSB+A or HE (standard HIV/STD education) groups, rates of penetrative intercourse with and without condoms at 60 day and 180 day follow-up were compared between SSB+A or HE groups. Results: There was a significant difference in mean number of sex acts with condoms between SSB+A and HE groups over time. Specifically, SSB+A and HE groups did not differ at 60 day follow-up, but at 180 day follow-up, mean sex acts with condoms among SSB+A group was significantly higher than HE. Conclusion: Pilot study findings affirm the effectiveness of the SSB+A in reducing sexual risk behaviors of AUD women and support the need for further research, testing the SSB+A intervention in a larger sample of women and across different treatment modalities. The present study also illustrates the critical link between practice and use of a step by step model of intervention research. (Contains 5 tables and 3 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS); Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Student Attitudes; Foreign Countries; Video Technology; Social Work; Cultural Differences; African Culture; Teaching Methods; Counselor Training; Cross Cultural Studies; Misconceptions

Abstract:
How might U.S. social work students' perceptions of HIV/AIDS differ from those of social work students in sub-Saharan Africa? Furthermore, what can students learn from hearing how students from other countries view them? Social work students in the United States, Botswana, and Malawi were video-recorded; they then viewed the videos of students at other sites and responded. The African students had personal experiences of HIV/AIDS, whereas those in the United States had little contact with people living with HIV/AIDS. Students in all locations revealed culturally constructed meanings and beliefs in associated myths regarding HIV/AIDS. The process of viewing students of different cultures is illustrated as an effective pedagogical approach toward increasing students' global learning and could be replicated using discussion of other international challenges. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Foreign Countries; Drug Use; Parents; Death; Substance Abuse; Surveys; Correlation; Drinking; At Risk Persons; Health Behavior; Family Role; Community Role

Abstract:
Substance use is increasing among youth in South Africa, and may be contributing to transmission of HIV. As parental death often leaves youth with altered emotional and physical resources, substance use may be greater among orphaned adolescents. Utilizing data from a household survey of 15-24 year old South Africans (n = 11,904), multivariable models were fitted to examine the association of factors from five domains with alcohol and drug use, and to compare substance use among orphaned versus non-orphaned youth. Results showed that factors from individual, family, and community domains were most associated with substance use. Compared with non-orphans, paternal and double orphaned males were more likely to have consumed alcohol, and paternally orphaned females had significantly greater odds of having used drugs. Findings confirm that some sub-groups of orphaned youth are at increased risk of substance use and families and communities may be influential in moderating this risky behavior. (Contains 4 tables and 2 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS); Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Health Behavior; Social Behavior; Testing; Males; Psychologists; Sex Role; Health Promotion; Masculinity; Sexuality; Homosexuality; Clinical Diagnosis; Sexual Orientation; Intimacy; At Risk Persons; Regression (Statistics); Norms; Help Seeking; Adults; Counseling Psychology

Abstract:
Men who have sex with men (MSM) account for more than half of all new cases of HIV infection in the United States. Yet, many MSM are unaware of their HIV serostatus. Consistent with research indicating that gender role conformity impacts health behaviors, this study examined how masculine norms may influence HIV testing among MSM in the United States. Data from 170 self-identified MSM (age M = 46.45, SD = 12.18) of self-reported negative or unknown HIV serostatus living in the United States were used in this study. About half (52%) of participants reported that they had been tested for HIV within the past 12 months; 48% reported that they had not. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between domains of masculine gender role conformity and HIV testing within the past 12 months, controlling for number of sexual partners in the last 12 months. The masculine norm of heterosexual self-presentation (i.e., desire to be perceived by others as heterosexual) was negatively associated with HIV testing (B = -0.74, SE B = 0.36, O.R. = 0.48, 95% CI [0.24, 0.96]), after controlling for the effect of number of sexual partners. Psychologists and other health professionals may remain mindful of potential implications of HIV testing among MSM, including potential for MSM to view HIV testing as an "outing" procedure. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS); Prevention; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Intervention; Migrants; Foreign Countries; Males; Homosexuality; Multivariate Analysis; Contraception; Socioeconomic Status; Income; Correlation; Risk

Abstract:
Background: Sexually-transmitted disease (STD) is a facilitating cofactor that contributes to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. Previous studies indicated a high prevalence of STDs among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China. To date, limited data are available for correlates of STD infection among young migrant MSM in China. The current study intends to examine the association between demographic and behavioral factors and STD infection. Methods: Data were collected from a sample of 307 migrant MSM aged 18-29 years in Beijing in 2009. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to examine the factors associated with a history of STDs. Results: Results showed that about 13% of MSM reported a history of STDs. The average number of lifetime sexual partners was 15.0. About 56.7% of MSM did not use a condom at the first sexual encounter. The percentage of MSM who used a condom consistently was 47.4%. Multivariate logistic regression results showed that STD history was positively associated with education, income, the number of lifetime male sexual partners, and negatively associated with the frequency of properly using a condom. Conclusion: STD history was associated with socioeconomic status and sexual risk behaviors. The results suggested that HIV prevention intervention programs need to educate MSM to reduce the number of sexual partners and to use a condom properly. Furthermore, HIV prevention intervention programs among MSM need to be tailored to meet the needs of different socioeconomic groups of MSM. (Contains 3 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Health Services; Foreign Countries; Child Health; Mothers; Immunization Programs; Empowerment; Role; Females; Interviews; National Surveys; Educational Attainment; Secondary Education; Age Differences; Birth; Spouses; Knowledge Level; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Family Violence; Sex Role; Decision Making; Correlation

Abstract:
Background: Approximately 1.4 million or 13% of all children who die each year could be prevented with widely-available vaccines. Objective: We examined if women's empowerment improved child immunization using data on 1,056 mothers with young children from Nepal. Methods: The study utilized the 2006 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey, a nationally-representative sample of 10,793 women from 8,707 households across Nepal. We selected all mothers with first child between the ages of 12 and 23 months at the time of interview. This resulted in a sample of 1,056 mothers. Results: Among the measures of women's empowerment, mothers' education was significantly associated with child immunization. The odds of being fully immunized for children of mothers with secondary education were 5.91 times the odds for children of mothers without any formal education. Other measures of women's empowerment--women's age at birth of first child, gap in age between spouses, women's knowledge about sexually-transmitted diseases, their role in intra-household financial, health and mobility decisions, and their perceptions toward wife beating--were not associated with child immunization. Among control variables, mothers who received antenatal care were 3.31 times as likely to immunize their children as mothers who did not receive any antenatal care. Other such barriers to health service use such as cost of care, distance to health services, and quality of health services were not significant. Conclusions: To improve child immunization, Nepal should strengthen its antenatal care services. Additionally, over 56% of mothers in Nepal had no formal education; to improve child health in the long run, the country should focus on education of women and girls. (Contains 2 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS); Prevention; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Mass Media; Health Personnel; Foreign Countries; Internet; Males; Graduate Students; Knowledge Level; Student Attitudes; Case Studies; Contraception; Questionnaires; Risk; Sexuality; Gender Differences; Scores; Health Behavior

Abstract:
Objectives: To assess the knowledge, attitudes, sources of HIV information and behaviours related to HIV, and to explore the difference in the HIV knowledge and attitudes between genders and school years among college students in China. Design: Descriptive, cross-sectional. Setting: 475 college students from two universities in China. Method: Data were collected with a self-report questionnaire through the Internet. Results: Only 24.2 per cent of the participants were aware that HIV could be spread through infected semen, and only 10.5 per cent were aware that condoms would decrease the risk of HIV transmission. The major sources of HIV information were through the mass media (i.e. 69.5 per cent Internet, 65.9 per cent newspaper and magazines, 58.3 per cent television). Only 17.9 per cent reported ever having had sex, and only 21.2 per cent used condoms during each sexual encounter. Females were more likely to obtain HIV information from school teachers (OR = 2.24, 95 per cent CI: 1.53-3.28, p = 0.000) and health professionals (OR = 1.95, 95 per cent CI: 1.27-2.99, p = 0.002) than males. Males were more likely to discuss sexually transmitted infections through online chat or email with strangers (OR = 0.46, 95 per cent CI: 0.29-0.71, p = 0.001). Higher school grade was associated with better HIV knowledge in this study, with graduate students, seniors, and sophomores having higher scores on HIV knowledge and HIV transmission myth subscales than freshman. Conclusion: Low rates of condom use and insufficient knowledge on HIV prevention among college students in China remain a significant problem. This research provides additional insights that may be used to develop effective HIV prevention strategies in China. (Contains 6 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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