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College Students; Student Employment; Paying for College; Human Body; Dance; Interpersonal Relationship; Social Isolation; Purchasing; Ethics; Services; Sexuality; Pharmacology; Biomedicine

Abstract:
The sale of bodily goods or services--"body commodification"--is nothing new among college students. But strides in medical technology, the encroachment of market values on all facets of life, and the reach and culture of the Internet have combined to create a fertile environment for people who want or need to exploit the value of their skin or what lies beneath it--including students struggling to cover the rising cost of college in this sluggish economy. Students sell plasma, take requests to perform custom erotic acts on Web cameras, or offer themselves as guinea pigs in paid drug trials. A master's student in Penfield, New York, says she was kicked out of her social-work program last June for snuggling with strangers--no sex allowed--for $60 an hour. A handful of Web sites, like SeekingArrangement.com, promise introductions to young and attractive men and women--often students--for "mutually beneficial relationships." An advertisement in campus newspapers at three elite colleges offers $35,000 for the eggs of a young woman with an SAT score above 1400. And though no one in the United States is openly selling kidneys from live donors, Santa Clara University's Markkula Center for Applied Ethics started receiving inquiries from financially desperate people after it posted an article on its Web site in 1998 exploring the ethical issues that would surround such a market. When the economy tanked, staff members saw a surge in letters like this one: "I just read your information about how many people need a kidney. I would like more information about it and how I could sell one of my kidneys to your university because I really need money. I want to go to college, but it's really expensive." The shifting terrain of body commodification has prompted scholars to take a renewed look at how similar behaviors are socially and morally classified in starkly different ways, depending on who is involved, how much power they have, and how the transaction is carried out. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Well Being; Older Adults; Foreign Countries; Income; Social Capital; Neighborhoods; Marital Status; Economically Disadvantaged; Case Studies; Ownership; Real Estate; Prediction; Poverty; Services; Community Characteristics; Correlation

Abstract:
Purpose of the Study: We aimed to investigate whether social capital (obtaining support through indirect ties such as from neighbors) and social cohesion (interdependencies among neighbors) within neighborhoods positively affect the well being of older adults. Design and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 945 of 1,440 (66% response rate) independently living older adults (aged [greater than or equal] 70 years) in Rotterdam. We fitted a hierarchical random effects model to account for the hierarchical structure of the study design: 945 older adults (Level 1) nested in 72 neighborhoods (Level 2). Results: Univariate analyses showed that being born in the Netherlands, house ownership, education, income, social capital of individuals, neighborhood security, neighborhood services, neighborhood social capital, and neighborhood social cohesion were significantly related to the well being of older adults. Multilevel analyses showed that social capital of individuals, neighborhood services, neighborhood social capital, and neighborhood social cohesion predicted the well being of older adults. Single and poor older adults reported lower well being than did better off and married older adults. However, the effects of marital status and income were mediated by neighborhood services, social capital, and social cohesion. Neighborhood services, social capital, and social cohesion may act as buffer against the adverse effects of being single and poor on the well being of older adults. Implications: The results of this study support the importance of social capital of individuals, as well as social capital within the neighborhood and social cohesion within the neighborhood for well being of older adults. The well being of older adults may also be enhanced through the improvement of quality of neighborhood services. (Contains 4 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Ethics; Rural Areas; Career Awareness; Confidentiality; Rural Schools; School Psychologists; Counselor Training; Interpersonal Relationship; Services; School Personnel; Family Relationship; Compliance (Legal)

Abstract:
Rural communities often contain unique features that separate them from more urban communities. Although a body of research is devoted to ethical considerations for psychologists working in rural communities as a whole, much less current research is focused on working in rural schools. This paper specifically highlights ethical considerations regarding competence, multiple relationships, and confidentiality. Given that access to services within the community may be limited, school psychologists may encounter cases that are outside of their area of competence. Furthermore, due to the interconnectedness present in many rural communities, psychologists frequently have multiple relationships with those whom they have professional contact. Confidentiality may be compromised when families and school personnel also have multiple relationships. These factors must be considered by psychologists working in rural schools, and steps must be taken at the outset of practice to ensure ethical compliance. More specific means of obtaining this compliance are discussed in this paper. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Management Systems; Sampling; Identification; Child Labor; Homeless People; Children; Residential Institutions; Eligibility; Services; Surveys; Evaluation Methods; Neighborhoods; Databases; Child Welfare

Abstract:
Methodologies to identify and enumerate children outside of family care vary as do the vulnerability categories of the children themselves. Children outside of family care is a broad term encompassing children absent of permanent family care, e.g., institutionalized children, children on/of the street, child-headed households, separated or unaccompanied children, trafficked children, children working in exploitive labor situations, etc. This paper reviews the various methodologies applied to identify and enumerate these often hidden and/or mobile populations. Methodologies that identify and enumerate children outside of family strive to meet two objectives: (1) to estimate the number and characteristics of a specific vulnerability category and (2) to determine eligibility to receive services. The paper reviews eight methodologies; six are categorized as survey sample methods (time-location sampling, capture recapture sampling, respondent driven sampling, the neighborhood method, household surveys, and establishment surveys) while two were labeled as data management systems (child labor management system, and databases of institutions). Each review includes a concise description of the methodology, its strengths and limitations, the most appropriate population it is suited to identify and/or enumerate, and any necessary conditions. Conclusions from these reviews advocate for tailoring a methodology (or a combination of methodologies) to the specific circumstances under which it is meant to identify or enumerate children outside of family care. In addition, further research and validation studies are needed to identify the conditions under which the strategies described here can be used and to develop appropriate protocols for utilization. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Immigrants; Hospitals; Interviews; Undocumented Immigrants; Surveys; Hispanic Americans; Family (Sociological Unit); Children; Statistical Analysis; Resilience (Psychology); Health Services; Services; Public Policy; Welfare Services

Abstract:
In the aftermath of 1996 welfare and immigration reforms, service utilization is particularly challenging for mixed-status families in which U.S.-born children live with undocumented parents. This study used both qualitative interview data and quantitative survey data to document Latino immigrant parents' service utilization for their U.S.-born children and the perceived impact of the existence of detention and deportation on their service utilization. Results indicate that Latino families headed by undocumented parents accessed services for their citizen children at a level similar to that of Latino families headed by documented parents. Although undocumented participants reported that detention and deportation affected their service utilization, their social networks embodied in Latino/a relationships helped them to navigate systems, increased their efficacy, counteracted their fears, and contributed to their family resiliency. Hospitals and schools, in particular, served as the entry points for Latino immigrant families to access a broad range of services. Implications for research and practice are discussed. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Quality of Life; Mental Retardation; Correlation; Profiles; Well Being; Social Integration; Individual Development; Self Determination; Services; Role; Civil Rights

Abstract:
Background: The changed societal views of persons with disabilities are reflected in the 2006 United Nations "Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities". However, what is not specified in the Convention is how to operationalise and measure the Articles composing the Convention, and how to use that information to further enhance the human rights of persons with disabilities. Method: The authors analyse the relationships between eight core quality of life domains and the 34 Articles contained in the Convention. Results: There is a close relationship between the core quality of life domains and the 34 Articles contained in the Convention. Furthermore, the current status of these Articles can be evaluated through the assessment of indicators associated with the eight core quality of life domains. Conclusions: Based on the assessment of these quality of life-related outcomes, three strategies can be used to enhance the human rights of persons with intellectual disability. These three are to employ person-centred planning, publish provider profiles and implement a system of support. (Contains 3 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Mental Retardation; Family Programs; Epidemiology; Fetal Alcohol Syndrome; Child Rearing; Parent Attitudes; Disabilities; Services; Identification; Phenomenology; Clinical Diagnosis

Abstract:
Learning of a child's disability can be a difficult time for any parent. Sensitive support is critical to ensuring parents understand the nature of the disability, the prognosis and services available to them. However, where the disability is not well understood, where professionals are not well informed and where pathways of care are not available, parents may be left feeling lonely, isolated and unable to cope. Foetal alcohol syndrome is a completely preventable cause of intellectual disability and is prevalent in all developing countries. Whilst research has focused on identification, diagnosis and epidemiology, understanding the psychosocial aspects of the impact of this disorder has been neglected resulting in a paucity of strategies to support parents. Understanding the needs of parents raising a child with foetal alcohol syndrome is central to providing well-informed support for families. In this study, families shared their experiences of raising a child with foetal alcohol syndrome. These were then analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis enabling themes to be identified which were core to understanding their journey. (Contains 1 table.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Autism; Computer Assisted Instruction; Interviews; Pervasive Developmental Disorders; Decision Making; Semi Structured Interviews; Student Attitudes; Parent Attitudes; Elementary School Students; Secondary School Students; Computer Software; Student Participation; Services; Questionnaires

Abstract:
This article explores the use of computer-assisted interviewing (CAI) as a tool for consulting with children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). This is considered within the context of a research study which utilized one CAI programme, "In My Shoes", to investigate children and young people's views of provision, support, and participation in meetings and involvement in decision making. Based on a process of reflection through dialogue, the authors report on the perceived value of this methodology compared with traditional semi-structured interviewing. The researchers conclude that this approach offers potential in interviewing children with ASD. Implications for practitioners and avenues for future research are considered. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Experiential Learning; Services; Marketing; Business Administration Education; Class Activities; Evidence; College Students; Student Attitudes

Abstract:
A new experiential exercise affords marketing students the opportunity to learn to design service environments. The exercise is appropriate for a variety of marketing courses and is especially beneficial in teaching services marketing because the proposed activity complements two other exercises widely used in this course. Service journal and blueprinting exercises are commonly assigned to examine the impact of "people" and "process" decisions; the exercise proposed in this article offers an opportunity to examine the influence of "physical evidence" on the customer experience. Thus, these three exercises expose students to hands-on activities related to all three of the additional Ps related to services marketing. In addition to explaining how to carry out the exercise, this article provides evidence of how it actively engages students in all four steps of the experiential learning cycle (concrete experience, abstract conceptualization, reflective observation, and active testing). Finally, the ability of this exercise to close the loop in experiential learning is discussed. (Contains 1 table and 3 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Rural Areas; Internet; Economic Impact; Economic Opportunities; Rural Urban Differences; Telecommunications; Disadvantaged; Costs; Education; Health Services; Teleworking; Services; Business; Agriculture; Manufacturing; Retailing; Small Businesses

Abstract:
Historically, waves of new technologies have brought Americans higher standards of living. Electrical service and hot and cold running water, for example, were once luxuries; now their absence makes a home substandard. Today, technologies for accessing the Internet are diffusing at an even faster rate than those earlier innovations once did, bringing with them commensurate transformations of Americans' way of life. Technologies that increase the speed at which data can be transmitted have had powerful effects. Most importantly, they have transformed the Internet from a tool used by a narrow group of academics and technicians into a means of interaction used by a large majority of Americans. However, Americans have not universally benefitted from better Internet access. Geography, especially the divide between rural and urban America, determines how much some Americans can benefit from the Internet. Networks have not been as extensively developed in rural areas as in urban areas. Some people in rural America still have dial-up as their best available, affordable technology, a technology that offers five percent of the capacity for what the FCC has said is the broadband threshold. Others have service that reaches the broadband level, but still does not offer the "lightning-fast" speeds advertised by Internet service providers in urban areas. Accordingly, the nation faces a "broadband gap," not only with regard to the lack of access in rural areas to service that meets the broadband threshold, but also with regard to the lack of availability of faster service between urban and rural America. This report identifies opportunity costs that arise from this gap. These costs exist today, but the pace at which data transmission capability is growing means that the inequality between the technology being newly deployed and the technology that was deployed a decade or more ago is increasing. Networks that connect research institutions in the United States can move 100,000 times more data per unit of time than the dial-up connections that some Americans still must use. The technology gap is not a fixed deficit that once filled, stays filled. The technology gap will be larger--much larger--in the future, along with the information and technology gap, unless significant action is taken to overcome it. (Contains 2 figures, 1 table, and 19 footnotes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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