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Descriptors:
Psychopathology; Risk; Public Health; Diagnostic Tests; Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; Genetics; Pervasive Developmental Disorders; Body Weight; Siblings; Prenatal Influences; Environmental Influences; Correlation; Attribution Theory; Molecular Structure; Autism; Hazardous Materials; Disadvantaged Environment; Intervention; Drug Therapy

Abstract:
Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its possible causes still attract controversy. Genes, pre and perinatal risks, psychosocial factors and environmental toxins have all been considered as potential risk factors. Method: This review (focussing on literature published since 1997, selected from a search of PubMed) critically considers putative risk factors with a focus on genetics and selected environmental risks, examines their relationships with ADHD and discusses the likelihood that these risks are causal as well as some of the main implications. Results: No single risk factor explains ADHD. Both inherited and noninherited factors contribute and their effects are interdependent. ADHD is familial and heritable. Research into the inherited and molecular genetic contributions to ADHD suggest an important overlap with other neurodevelopmental problems, notably, autism spectrum disorders. Having a biological relative with ADHD, large, rare copy number variants, some small effect size candidate gene variants, extreme early adversity, pre and postnatal exposure to lead and low birth weight/prematurity have been most consistently found as risk factors, but none are yet known to be definitely causal. There is a large literature documenting associations between ADHD and a wide variety of putative environmental risks that can, at present, only be regarded as correlates. Findings from research designs that go beyond simply testing for association are beginning to contest the robustness of some environmental exposures previously thought to be ADHD risk factors. Conclusions: The genetic risks implicated in ADHD generally tend to have small effect sizes or be rare and often increase risk of many other types of psychopathology. Thus, they cannot be used for prediction, genetic testing or diagnostic purposes beyond what is predicted by a family history. There is a need to consider the possibility of parents and siblings being similarly affected and how this might impact on engagement with families, influence interventions and require integration with adult services. Genetic contributions to disorder do not necessarily mean that medications are the treatment of choice. We also consider how findings might influence the conceptualisation of ADHD, public health policy implications and why it is unhelpful and incorrect to dichotomise genetic/biological and environmental explanations. It is essential that practitioners can interpret genetic and aetiological research findings and impart informed explanations to families. (Contains 2 tables and 1 figure.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Psychopathology; Child Abuse; Cognitive Ability; Risk; Anxiety; Depression (Psychology); Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; Brain Hemisphere Functions; Diagnostic Tests; Mental Disorders; Ethnicity; Physiology; Reinforcement; Decision Making; Health Behavior; Correlation; Children

Abstract:
Background: Childhood maltreatment is strongly associated with increased risk of psychiatric disorder. Previous neuroimaging studies have reported atypical neural structure in the orbitofrontal cortex, temporal lobe, amygdala, hippocampus and cerebellum in maltreated samples. It has been hypothesised that these structural differences may relate to increased psychiatric vulnerability. However, previous studies have typically recruited clinical samples with concurrent psychiatric disorders, or have poorly characterised the range of maltreatment experiences and levels of concurrent anxiety or depression, limiting the interpretation of the observed structural differences. Methods: We used voxel-based morphometry to compare grey matter volume in a group of 18 children (mean age 12.01 years, SD = 1.4), referred to community social services, with documented and well-characterised experiences of maltreatment at home and a group of 20 nonmaltreated children (mean age 12.6 years, SD = 1.3). Both groups were comparable on age, gender, cognitive ability, ethnicity and levels of anxiety, depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms. We examined five a priori regions of interest: the prefrontal cortex, temporal lobes, amygdala, hippocampus and cerebellum. Results: Maltreated children, compared to nonmaltreated peers, presented with reduced grey matter in the medial orbitofrontal cortex and the left middle temporal gyrus. Conclusions: The medial orbitofrontal cortex and the middle temporal gyrus have been implicated in reinforcement-based decision-making, emotion regulation and autobiographical memory, processes that are impaired in a number of psychiatric disorders associated with maltreatment. We speculate that grey matter disturbance in these regions in a community sample of maltreated children may represent a latent neurobiological risk factor for later psychopathology and heightened risk taking. (Contains 1 table and 1 figure.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Child Abuse; Adults; Resilience (Psychology); Risk; Trauma; Child Development; Intervention; Adolescents; Children

Abstract:
Roughly one third of children subjected to abusive environments grow into healthy and capable adults, demonstrating remarkable resiliency, despite risks for developing maladaptive self-structures and destructive behaviors (Werner, "American Journal of Orthopsychiatry" 59:72-81 1989; Kendall-Tackett "et al.", "Psychological Bulletin" 113:164-180 1993). This paper suggests that, for adults with developmental arrests due to childhood traumas, it may be beneficial to approach enhancing resilience through interventions meant to foster resiliency factors in adolescents and children, tailored appropriately for an adult. Connections to current and effective interventions are reviewed as well as an invitation to the international community for additional perspectives. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Program Effectiveness; Adolescents; Risk; Health Behavior; Task Analysis; Intervention; Program Evaluation; Behavior Change; Student School Relationship; Program Descriptions; Measurement

Abstract:
School connectedness has a significant impact on adolescent outcomes, including reducing risk-taking behavior. This paper critically examines the literature on school-based programs targeting increased connectedness for reductions in risk taking. Fourteen articles describing seven different school-based programs were reviewed. Programs drew on a range of theories to increase school connectedness, and evaluations conducted for the majority of programs demonstrated positive changes in school connectedness, risk behavior, or a combination of the two. Many of the reviewed programs involved widespread school system change, however, which is frequently a complex and time-consuming task. Future research is needed to examine the extent of intervention complexity required to result in change. This review also showed a lack of consistency in the definitions and measurement of connectedness as well as few mediation analyses testing assumptions of impact on risk-taking behavior through increases in school connectedness. Additionally, this review revealed very limited evaluation of the elements of multicomponent programs that are most effective in increasing school connectedness and reducing adolescent risk taking. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Adolescents; Substance Abuse; Mental Disorders; Personality Traits; Conceptual Tempo; Anxiety; Symptoms (Individual Disorders); Risk

Abstract:
There is a high overlap between substance misuse and mental health disorders in adolescents. Certain personality traits (i.e., sensation seeking, impulsivity, hopelessness, and anxiety sensitivity) may be related to increased risk for mental health symptoms and/or substance misuse. The current study examined the relationships between personality and both substance use problems and externalizing and internalizing mental health symptoms in two clinical samples of adolescents. One sample consisted of adolescents receiving treatment for a primary mental health disorder, while the other sample included adolescents receiving treatment for a primary substance use disorder. A total of 116 participants (58 for each sample) completed the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (SURPS), to examine personality factors, the Brief Child and Family Phone Interview- Self-Report, to examine mental health disorder symptoms, and the Personal Experience Screening Questionnaire, to examine substance use problems. After controlling for age, gender, and sample, sensation seeking and impulsivity were positively related to substance use problems, impulsivity was positively related to symptoms of externalizing disorders, and anxiety sensitivity and hopelessness were positively related to symptoms of internalizing disorders. These findings support the utility of the SURPS in predicting theoretically relevant symptoms in clinical samples of adolescents. Moreover, they extend previous research that has focused on using the SURPS as a predictor of substance misuse to its utility in also predicting mental health disorder symptoms. These findings have implications for improving mental health and addictions treatment services for adolescents. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Indigenous Populations; Addictive Behavior; Sociocultural Patterns; Influences; Public Health; Risk; Prevention; Literature Reviews

Abstract:
The prevention of gambling-related problems amongst Aboriginal communities has been neglected by most public health strategies which concentrate on mainstream populations. Research indicates that rates of problem gambling are higher for Aboriginal groups than the general population. Specific cultural, familial, and social patterns influence gambling by Aboriginal groups, which are individually different, making it difficult to implement a cohesive strategy to address gambling-related harms. Because of this complexity, a thorough literature review is necessary to identify gaps in policy and research. This paper uses a public health framework to consider multi-dimensional influences (personal, environmental, economic, cultural and social) that affect gambling uptake. Such analysis is also important for identifying risk factors which facilitate the development and maintenance of problem gambling and potentially for underpinning protection, prevention and treatment programs. It is advised that strategies be developed in consultation with Aboriginal peoples to guide public health policy and research to minimise any gambling-related harms. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Adolescents; Addictive Behavior; Resilience (Psychology); Theories; Multivariate Analysis; Risk; Drug Abuse; Marijuana; Drinking; Violence; Delinquency; Peer Influence; Parent Child Relationship

Abstract:
The current study examined the application of resilience theory to adolescent gambling using Latent Class Analysis (LCA) to establish subtypes of adolescent gamblers and to explore risk and promotive factors associated with gambling group membership. Participants were a diverse sample of 249 adolescents ages 14 to 18 (30.1 % female, 59.4 % African American) presenting to an inner-city emergency department (ED) who reported having gambled at least once in the previous year. Two classes of gamblers were identified and distinguished based on the probability of endorsing gambling consequences: high consequence gamblers (class 1) and low consequence gamblers (class 2). Despite similar profiles on gambling frequency and largest amount gambled, high consequence gamblers (accounting for 37.8% of current gamblers) were more likely than low consequence gamblers to gamble more than planned, feel bad about their gambling, have arguments with friends and family about gambling and to borrow to pay back money lost while gambling. Compared to the low consequence group, high consequence gamblers were more likely to use marijuana, consume alcohol, engage in peer and dating violence and delinquency, and to report negative peer influences. Low consequence gamblers had higher levels of parental monitoring. Individuals in the high consequence group had higher scores on the risk, and lower scores on the promotive, factor index and Risk x Promotive Factor Index scores predicted gambling group membership. These findings support a risk-protective model of resilience and indicate that promotive factors buffer against high consequence gambling in the context of risk. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Biographies; Seminars; Parent Child Relationship; Daughters; Mothers; Feminism; Adolescents; Life Style; Politics; Consumer Economics; Friendship; Social Networks; Risk; Psychological Patterns; Futures (of Society); Social Class

Abstract:
This paper arose through a chance meeting between the two authors who are feminist mothers of teenage and 20 years plus daughters. We were attending an Economic and Social Research Council-funded seminar focusing on "new femininities" in the light of post-feminism and their worth and currency within the new politics of consumption and lifestyle. The seminar contributions resonated for us in two ways. Firstly, we have an interest in femininities, female friendships and how current understandings of these social bonds are being reconceptualised. Secondly, and on a personal note, we were increasingly aware that the seminar discussions framed within the landscape and biographies of risk and hope chimed with the ways our own daughters were currently playing out and negotiating their futures. How do we view the apparent contra-trajectory taken by our daughters who, unlike us, less concerned about seeing education as a ladder to "getting on", seemed intent on "down classing" in their various and successive "choices" of educational pathways and boyfriends? In making sense of shared anxieties, our concerns coalesced around the personal, the familial and, in particular, the maternal relations. It is these inter-generational tensions entangled with the emotional politics of class that are the focus of this paper. (Contains 4 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Business Administration Education; Law Related Education; Social Networks; Web Sites; Privacy; Risk; Legal Problems; Laws; Court Litigation; Assignments; Class Activities; Group Activities; Cooperative Learning; Administrative Policy; Policy Formation; Sexual Harassment; Speech; Foreign Countries

Abstract:
The explosion of social networks and the growing concern over privacy in the digital age--both in the United States and Europe--have provided an opportunity to introduce students to the legal risks of using social media in the workplace. This article builds on the authors' classroom experiences and provides social media scenarios and projects that allow students to analyze and critically compare the workplace boundaries of social network use. Part I includes a description of an out-of-class assignment that assesses what types of social media comments students deem inappropriate in the workplace, completed by students before the professor actually discusses applicable legal principles. Then, Part II provides classroom scenarios that reinforce what students learn about the evolving law of social networks and privacy in the U.S. and the EU workplace. Part III looks at other legal considerations of social media use including sexual harassment and anonymous speech, and offers additional classroom scenarios. Part IV outlines a class project in which students collaborate in groups to develop social media policies for the U.S. workplace and compares and contrasts the impact of similar policies on EU employees. This project gives students an opportunity to synthesize their knowledge of social networks and workplace privacy and to incorporate their understanding of the legal risks posed by social media. For all the scenarios and projects, the authors also provide the reader with a set of resources to facilitate replication of the projects. The resources include a summary of The Facebook Project: Dealing with Employee Gripe Sites, each of the Classroom Discussion Scenarios, detailed instructions for the Social Media Policy project, and a rubric for grading the Social Media Policy project. (Contains 167 footnotes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Gender Differences; Suicide; Predictor Variables; Depression (Psychology); Undergraduate Students; Drinking; Social Support Groups; Risk; Symptoms (Individual Disorders); Prevention; Program Development; Measures (Individuals); Correlation

Abstract:
The correlates and predictors of suicidal ideation were examined in 303 male and 691 female undergraduates. Results indicated that hopelessness predicted suicidal ideation in both samples; however, depression was found to be a significant suicide risk factor only in women. In contrast, alcohol-related problems and social support from family predicted suicidal ideation in men, but not in women. In addition, for both men and women perceived burdensomeness was a suicide risk factor and reasons for living a protective factor. When assessing risk for suicide, our results suggest that practitioners may need to focus more on depressive symptoms in women and more on alcohol-related problems in men, while considering hopelessness, perceived burdensomeness, and reasons for living regardless of gender. Prevention programs which target these identified risk and protective factors for suicidality should be developed specifically for college men and women. (Contains 2 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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