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Descriptors:
Foster Care; Attention Deficit Disorders; Executive Function; Disadvantaged Environment; At Risk Persons; Children; Correlation; Residential Institutions; Brain Hemisphere Functions; Diagnostic Tests; Task Analysis; Adoption; Inhibition; Attention Control

Abstract:
Background: Children reared in deprived environments, such as institutions for the care of orphaned or abandoned children, are at increased risk for attention and behavior regulation difficulties. This study examined the neurobehavioral correlates of executive attention in post institutionalized (PI) children. Methods: The performance and event-related potentials (ERPs) of 10- and 11-year-old internationally adopted PI children on two executive attention tasks, Go/No-go and Flanker, were compared with two groups: children internationally adopted early from foster care (PF) and nonadopted children (NA). Results: Behavioral measures suggested problems with sustained attention, with PIs performing more poorly on Go trials and not on No-go trials of the Go/No-go and made more errors on both congruent and incongruent trials on the Flanker. ERPs suggested differences in inhibitory control and error monitoring, as PIs had smaller N2 amplitude on Go/No-go and smaller error-related negativity on Flanker. Conclusions: This pattern of results raises questions regarding the nature of attention difficulties for PI children. The behavioral errors are not specific to executive attention and instead likely reflect difficulties in overall sustained attention. The ERP results are consistent with neural activity related to deficits in inhibitory control (N2) and error monitoring (error-related negativity). Questions emerge regarding the similarity of attention regulatory difficulties in PIs to those experienced by non-PI children with ADHD. (Contains 2 tables and 3 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Children; Anxiety; Empathy; Delinquency; Personality Traits; Males; Urban Areas; Psychopathology; At Risk Persons; Aggression; Antisocial Behavior; Child Abuse; Parenting Styles; Parent Child Relationship; Affective Behavior; Correlation; Juvenile Justice; Residential Institutions; Mothers

Abstract:
Callous-unemotional (CU) traits (i.e., lack of empathy/guilt, uncaring attitudes) are believed to be a developmental antecedent to adult psychopathy and identify antisocial youth at risk for severe and persistent aggression. The psychosocial histories of antisocial and aggressive individuals with psychopathic traits are characterized by abusive or unaffectionate parenting; however, there is a gap in the literature regarding the unique impact of these factors on adolescent offenders. The purpose of the present study was to examine the contribution of maternal warmth and affection (i.e., care) to dimensions of CU traits and aggression, after accounting for the influence of various types of childhood maltreatment. We investigated this aim in a sample of 227 urban male adolescent offenders housed in residential facilities. Results indicated that low maternal care was significantly associated with greater total CU traits and uncaring and callousness dimensions, even after controlling for the effects of various types of childhood abuse and neglect. Furthermore, there was a significant interaction between CU traits and care, such that aggression was highest among youths scoring high on CU traits who were exposed to low levels of maternal care. These findings draw attention to the importance of maternal bonding to CU traits and related aggressive behaviors among antisocial youth. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Models; Anxiety; Depression (Psychology); Children; Adolescents; Residential Institutions; Institutionalized Persons; Antisocial Behavior; Behavior Problems; Emotional Disturbances; Structural Equation Models

Abstract:
The tripartite model of anxiety and depression has received strong support among child and adolescent populations. Clinical samples of children and adolescents in these studies, however, have usually been referred for treatment of anxiety and depression. This study investigated the fit of the tripartite model with a complicated sample of residential youths with externalizing problems. Structural Equation Modeling was used to test the tripartite model relationships between negative affect, positive affect, and mood symptoms. Multiple fit indices were used to provide a reliable and conservative evaluation of the model. As predicted, the tripartite model provided a good fit for symptoms of emotional disorders in this complicated sample of children and adolescents. Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the utility of the tripartite model in understanding anxiety and depression in more diverse populations and recommendations for residential assessment. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Females; Homework; Psychological Patterns; Aggression; Juvenile Justice; Therapy; Delinquency; Cognitive Restructuring; Behavior Modification; Adolescents; Outcomes of Treatment; Residential Institutions

Abstract:
Female juvenile offenders exhibit high levels of anger, relational aggression, and physical aggression, but the population has long been ignored in research and practice. No anger management treatments have been developed specifically for this population, and no established anger management treatments are empirically supported for use with delinquent girls. Thus, to alleviate anger and reduce the frequency and severity of aggressive behaviors in this underserved population, we developed the gender-specific, Juvenile Justice Anger Management (JJAM) Treatment for Girls. This cognitive-behavioral intervention was adapted from the Coping Power Program (Lochman & Wells, 2002), a school-based anger management treatment for younger children that has established efficacy and effectiveness findings with its target populations. This paper describes how the content of JJAM was developed to meet the unique needs of adolescent girls in residential juvenile justice placements. It also traces the process of developing a manualized treatment and the steps taken to enhance efficacy and clinical utility. An overview of the treatment, a session-by-session outline, an example session activity, and an example homework assignment are provided. A randomized controlled trial is currently being conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the JJAM Treatment for Girls. (Contains 1 table and 2 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Disabilities; Quality of Life; Older Adults; Attention; Control Groups; Experimental Groups; Video Games; Evaluation Methods; Nursing Homes; Residential Institutions; Institutionalized Persons; Human Body; Foreign Countries; Statistical Analysis; Neurological Impairments; Health Services

Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to develop appropriate somatosensory video game interventions on enhancing selective attention of institutional-dwelling elderly with disabilities. Fifty-eight participants aged 65[approximately]92 were recruited and divided into four groups, 4-week and 8-week experimental and two control groups, for evaluating the one-month carry-forward effects by Vienna Test System. Fourteen participants in experimental groups voluntarily completed 30-minute Xbox games 3 times per week for a total of 4 and 8 weeks. The results showed that: (1) except sum of incorrect reaction, a majority of participants whose selective attentions had significant improvements in immediate effect, carry-forward effects and overall effect in 8-week group (p less than 0.05); (2) 5 out of 8 items in selective attention tests had significant immediate and carry-forward effects and one overall effect in 4-week intervention (p less than 0.05) and (3) The results conclude that using somatosensory video games is a viable approach to promote selective attention of institutional-dwelling elderly with disabilities. The present study also found that this approach could motivate elderly to participate with a variety of sound, music and sensory stimulations and is a viable and valuable direction to promote quality of life in long-term care system. (Contains 8 tables and 3 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Postsecondary Education; Employment; Mental Retardation; Dual Enrollment; Colleges; National Surveys; Institutional Characteristics; Referral; College Applicants; Access to Education; Residential Institutions; Outcomes of Education; Student Recruitment; College Admission; Extracurricular Activities; Financial Support; Student Experience; Measures (Individuals)

Abstract:
The authors present findings from a 2009 survey of postsecondary education (PSE) programs for students with an intellectual disability (ID) conducted in the United States. The survey was designed to collect descriptive information on characteristics and practices of existing PSE programs for students with an ID. The survey consisted of 63 items organized into 10 sections including: institution or program characteristics, dual enrollment characteristics, referral and application process, college course access and supports, employment, residential options and campus access, family support, student outcomes, challenges, and program contact information. Some 149 programs in institutions of higher education in 39 states indicated that they served students with ID. PSE program characteristics included basic characteristics, recruitment and admission, course access, campus activities, accommodations, funding, collaboration, employment, and residential services. The results of the survey show that for students with an ID, the college experience differs in a number of important ways from the experiences of their peers without an ID. The high degree of variability among programs responding to the survey suggests that the experiences of students with ID differ from one program to another as well. The authors note that their findings can be used to describe current practice as well as to serve as a baseline of practice that will be important to reference as the field evolves. (Contains 4 tables, 3 figures and 3 footnotes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Evidence; Outcome Measures; Social Integration; Children; Intervention; Homeless People; Residential Institutions; Child Labor; Child Abuse; Child Neglect; Systems Approach; Risk; Well Being; Conflict; War; Research; Family Relationship; Prevention; Placement; Public Policy; Program Effectiveness

Abstract:
Objectives: Children outside of family care face increased risk of threats to their well-being, have lower educational achievement, and experience adverse developmental outcomes. While it is generally accepted that early response and intervention is critical to reducing the risk of harm for children who have been separated from their families, it is not always clear what the most effective early response strategies are for assessing and addressing their immediate needs. The purpose of this review was to identify evidence-based early response strategies and interventions for improving the outcomes of children outside of family care, including children of and on the street, institutionalized children, trafficked children, children affected by conflict and disaster, and who are exploited for their labor. Methods: A multi-phased, systematic evidence review was conducted on peer-reviewed and gray literature, which yielded a total of 101 documents that met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Results: Overall there is a weak evidence base regarding assessment and early response interventions for children living outside of family care. Few studies included careful outcome measures or comparison groups. Although few proven interventions emerged, the review identified several promising early interventions and approaches. In emergency settings, family tracing and reunification is a highly effective response in regard to separated children, whereas placing children in institutional care is problematic, with the possible exception of time-limited placements of formerly recruited children in interim care centers. Livelihood supports are promising in regard to preventing and responding to children living outside family care. Other promising interventions include psychosocial support, including the use of traditional cleansing rituals as appropriate, educational supports such as Child Friendly Spaces, the maintenance of family connectedness for children of or on the streets, the use of community-based approaches that aid social integration, and approaches that enable meaningful child participation. A recurrent theme was that to be effective, all assessments and interventions must fit the context. Conclusion: A strong need exists for strengthening the evidence base regarding the effectiveness of early assessments and responses to children living outside family care and for using the evidence to guide operational policy and practice. Recommendations regarding policy, practices, and research emerged from the review process. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Child Abuse; Evidence; Program Effectiveness; Child Welfare; Ethics; Research Design; Income; Sustainability; Intervention; Child Safety; Child Neglect; Conferences (Gatherings); Child Labor; Homeless People; Residential Institutions; Systems Approach; Research Methodology; Public Policy

Abstract:
Objectives: This article reviews the available evidence regarding the efficacy, effectiveness, ethics, and sustainability of approaches to strengthen systems to care for and protect children living outside family care in low- and middle-income countries. Method: For trafficked children, children of and on the street, children of conflict/disaster, and institutionalized children, a systems framework approach was used to organize the topic of sustainable approaches in low- and middle-income countries and addresses the following: legislation, policies, and regulations; system structures and functions (formal and informal); and continuum of care and services. The article draws on the findings of a focal group convened by the U.S. Government Evidence Summit: Protecting Children Outside of Family Care (December 12-13, 2011, Washington, DC), tasked with reviewing the literature on systems, strategies, and interventions for sustainable long-term care and protection of children with a history of living outside of family care in low- and middle-income country contexts. The specific methodology for the review is described in the commentary paper (Higgs, Zlidar, & Balster, 2012) that accompanies these papers. Results: For the most part, the evidence base in support of sustainable long-term care for the populations of interest is relatively weak, with some stronger but unreplicated studies. Some populations have been studied more thoroughly than others, and there are many gaps. Most of the existing studies identify population characteristics, needs, and consequences of a lack of systemic services to promote family-like care. There is some evidence of the effectiveness of laws and policies, as well as some evidence of service effectiveness, in improving outcomes for children outside of family care. Conclusions: Despite the weaknesses and gaps of the existing research, there is a foundation of research for going forward, which should focus on developing and implementing systems for these most vulnerable children. The evidence reviewed indicates that child protection systems should aim for appropriate, permanent family care (including reunification, adoption, kinship care, or kafalah) for children in order to secure the best environment for a child's developmental prospects. Evidence also suggests that the quality and duration of care, including both permanent family care and alternative care, are important regardless of setting. The diversity of political, socioeconomic, historical, regional, community, and cultural contexts in which child protection systems operate need to be taken into account during programming and research design. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Management Systems; Sampling; Identification; Child Labor; Homeless People; Children; Residential Institutions; Eligibility; Services; Surveys; Evaluation Methods; Neighborhoods; Databases; Child Welfare

Abstract:
Methodologies to identify and enumerate children outside of family care vary as do the vulnerability categories of the children themselves. Children outside of family care is a broad term encompassing children absent of permanent family care, e.g., institutionalized children, children on/of the street, child-headed households, separated or unaccompanied children, trafficked children, children working in exploitive labor situations, etc. This paper reviews the various methodologies applied to identify and enumerate these often hidden and/or mobile populations. Methodologies that identify and enumerate children outside of family strive to meet two objectives: (1) to estimate the number and characteristics of a specific vulnerability category and (2) to determine eligibility to receive services. The paper reviews eight methodologies; six are categorized as survey sample methods (time-location sampling, capture recapture sampling, respondent driven sampling, the neighborhood method, household surveys, and establishment surveys) while two were labeled as data management systems (child labor management system, and databases of institutions). Each review includes a concise description of the methodology, its strengths and limitations, the most appropriate population it is suited to identify and/or enumerate, and any necessary conditions. Conclusions from these reviews advocate for tailoring a methodology (or a combination of methodologies) to the specific circumstances under which it is meant to identify or enumerate children outside of family care. In addition, further research and validation studies are needed to identify the conditions under which the strategies described here can be used and to develop appropriate protocols for utilization. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Child Abuse; Evidence; Communities of Practice; Expertise; Public Policy; Homeless People; Residential Institutions; Program Development; Holistic Approach; Child Neglect; Surveys; Financial Support; Cost Effectiveness; Child Labor; Innovation; Sexuality; Child Welfare; Case Studies; Ethics; Research Needs; Transfer of Training

Abstract:
The 2011 U.S. Government Evidence Summit on Protecting Children Outside of Family Care brought together leading researchers and technical experts to assess the available evidence to inform policies, strategies, and programs relevant to protecting children outside of family care in lower and middle income countries. While child vulnerabilities are clearly multi-dimensional, global programs are often fragmented, as exemplified by the multitude of U.S. agencies with responsibilities for global child protection. Leading multilateral, bilateral, government, and nongovernmental agencies are now embracing a more systemic approach consistent with a more holistic orientation towards children's needs. A case is made in this paper for a more coordinated, evidence-based strategy for addressing the needs of children who are abandoned, abused, or severely neglected. Although a new U.S. Action Plan for Children in Adversity will emerge from the work of the summit, it must be acknowledged that there is a dearth of rigorous studies to complement information gleaned from practitioner experience, agency reports, case studies, and anecdotal evidence, with higher quality studies weighted towards children who can be captured by household surveys that too often miss large numbers of children outside of family care (e.g., those trafficked, abandoned). Although there are challenges in conducting rigorous, ethically responsible research in this area, there is also a cost of inaction. There is a need for sufficient funding for research and high quality evaluation to develop a strong empirical base to support many of the practices in the field, thereby assisting in the cost-effective and more innovative utilization of other program funds. The Summit's findings also highlight the importance of the establishment of appropriate knowledge transfer and learning mechanisms across communities of practice. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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