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Descriptors:
Self Efficacy; Social Sciences; Males; Effect Size; Gender Differences; Meta Analysis; Language Arts; Mathematics Skills; Age Differences; Research Needs; Longitudinal Studies; Incidence; Computer Literacy

Abstract:
A meta-analysis of 187 studies containing 247 independent studies (N = 68,429) on gender differences in academic self-efficacy identified an overall effect size of 0.08, with a small difference favoring males. Moderator analysis demonstrated that content domain was a significant moderator in explaining effect size variation. Females displayed higher language arts self-efficacy than males. Meanwhile, males exhibited higher mathematics, computer, and social sciences self-efficacy than females. Gender differences in academic self-efficacy also varied with age. The largest effect size occurred for respondents aged over 23 years old. For mathematics self-efficacy, the significant gender differences emerged in late adolescence. Future research should longitudinally examine gender differences in academic self-efficacy to determine the prevalence of gender differences during different life stages. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Evidence; Anxiety Disorders; Models; Metacognition; Cognitive Restructuring; Behavior Modification; Therapy; Outcomes of Treatment; Research Needs

Abstract:
Cognitive-behavioural models and interventions for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have always included some metacognitive elements but until recently these have been predominantly construed of as cognitive as opposed to metacognitive processes. Increasingly, psychological models of OCD are now recognising the importance of metacognitive constructs in the maintenance and treatment of the disorder. Metacognitive models emphasise the importance of thinking processes, and thus represent a step away from traditional cognitive approaches which focused on the content of thoughts. This article reviews the current literature on metacognition in psychological models of OCD with an emphasis on: the role of metacognition in theoretical models of OCD and evidence to support this role; measures of metacognition in OCD; and, metacognitive treatment approaches for OCD and the evidence to support these approaches. The evidence indicates that metacognition has a key role in the aetiology of OCD. Treatment outcome research has indicated promising results, with several trials indicating clinically and statistically significant improvements using metacognitive-based approaches. However, there is a need for larger, controlled trials with longer follow-up periods to improve upon the methodological limitations of studies conducted to date. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Social Sciences; Foreign Countries; Educational Development; Expertise; Graduate Study; Graduate Students; Self Concept; Educational Research; Research Needs; Student Adjustment

Abstract:
This paper explores and examines the distal and proximal systems which construct social science postgraduate study in the UK and analyses the emergent identities of postgraduate students as they negotiate the multiple and interacting practices in their transition to study. The data represent part of a one-year research project, funded by the Higher Education Academy, in which staff and students from five UK universities participated. The paper takes a socio-cultural perspective and situates staff and students in the wider macro context of policy and practice surrounding postgraduate study as well as exploring the micro processes which construct the proximal experience of the transition. We argue that the silence surrounding postgraduate transition in the literature must be addressed in light of existing literature and the present research, both of which suggest that the systems which construct postgraduate study are complex and challenging to students, who do not always receive the support they require. We discuss the practices which implicitly assume expertise in postgraduate students in contrast to student self-identification as confused and struggling. Commonalities with other educational transitions are identified but we argue that there are distinct aspects to postgraduate transition which require greater breadth of research with both successful and unsuccessful postgraduate students. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Writing Processes; Epistemology; Research Needs; Educational Research; Educational Theories; Writing Instruction; Special Needs Students; Writing Difficulties

Abstract:
To respond to the articles in the current issue, I begin with an amalgamated conception of a transactional universe of reciprocal reading and composing processes that includes cognitive and social processes. Next, I situate the four studies in the current issue according to their epistemological emphases in the transactional conception. Three focal epistemological questions are framed as a way of situating each study: (a) what knowledge or processes do researchers emphasize most in the universe of composing processes? (b) Where do the researchers think that knowledge or those processes reside(s)? (c) How does one get or create that knowledge or those processes? Next, beneficial contributions to the field from the four studies are highlighted, and finally, future research directions are suggested. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Experiential Learning; Action Research; Epistemology; Meetings; Reflection; Agenda Setting; Research Needs; Educational Research; Learning Theories; Group Discussion; Focus Groups

Abstract:
The case for the notion of action learning research has been posed and explored in several publications over the past few years. There is no tradition within action learning of understanding it as an approach to research. Within some academic circles, there has been a focus on the "action turn," the development of the notion of actionable knowledge, the epistemology of practice and the research potential of action modalities. Over the past few months, a series of e-mail exchanges between some members of the editorial team of this journal on whether there is any such things as action learning research and how might it be different from action research took place. Out of those exchanges, a colloquium was held to explore the topic at the Third International Conference on Action Learning held in Ashridge in March 2012. Speakers at the colloquium were: (1) David Coghlan; (2) Joe Raelin; (3) Clare Rigg; (4) Jeff Gold; (5) Mike Pedler; (6) Aileen Lawless; and (7) Elaine Allison. In this article, the author provides a flavour of the questions posed so as to encourage a continuing discussion and exploration. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Productivity; English Departments; Costs; Humanities; Federal Government; Cost Indexes; Citation Analysis; Funding Formulas; Research Needs; Research Opportunities; Research Administration; Financial Support; Agenda Setting; Experimenter Characteristics; Robustness (Statistics); Investment; Value Judgment; Statistical Bias; Intellectual Disciplines

Abstract:
Over the last decade, and in the context of the fiscal crisis in the nation in general and in higher education in particular, a debate has raged over the value of humanities research. Various commentators have argued that unlike nonhumanities disciplines, fields such as English studies and other humanistic disciplines bring very little into their universities. The federal government simply does not fund the National Endowment for the Humanities--the major federal funding agency for humanities research--at a level comparable to that of the National Science Foundation or the National Institutes for Health. This funding inequity in and of itself is an illustration of the society's value system vis-a'-vis the humanities. In this article, the author focuses on a report published at the end of 2011: "Literary Research: Costs and Impact," authored by Emory University English professor Mark Bauerlein for the Center for College Affordability and Productivity. The report presents the results of an empirical analysis of faculty productivity: Bauerlein examines the costs of research in four English departments and then juxtaposes those costs to the numbers of citations of works published by faculty in those departments. The author aims to show first how this is a critically flawed study because it is representative of many attacks on the humanities and especially English studies, and because it thus illustrates a set of common assumptions about educators' work as humanists. Then he discusses how educators might better respond to these types of misunderstandings of and attacks on their work. (Contains 4 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
School Choice; Research Needs; Tuition; Educational Legislation; Outcomes of Education; Economics; Educational Vouchers; Prediction; Educational Trends; Educational Finance; State Legislation

Abstract:
Legislators considering large scale school choice proposals want information on more than likely schooling outcomes. They look to their fiscal bureaus and economic studies to provide that information. The fiscal notes that must accompany all proposals with revenue or expenditure implications are especially important. Often, fiscal notes must be produced on short notice. The article assesses the fiscal notes that have accompanied the major U.S. charter law and tuition voucher proposals, and to highlight key issues and research needs it assesses fiscal and economic impacts of the proposed Texas (2011-HB 33) tuition voucher program. We assess fiscal notes in terms of research basis for predictions, predicted level of participation (# of choosers), and predicted basis for fiscal impacts, including time trend of effects. Finally, we propose how the fiscal notes might be improved; not just what legislative analysts should do, but also what could be done to make doing a better job easier. (Contains 6 tables and 10 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Action Research; Faculty Development; Educational Practices; Computer Simulation; Curriculum Design; Trend Analysis; Research Needs; Distance Education; Online Courses

Abstract:
This study examined the nature of thirty virtual educators' action research questions during a yearlong action research professional development experience within a large, state-funded virtual school. Virtual educators included instructional personnel (i.e., individuals responsible for teaching virtual courses) and noninstructional personnel (i.e., individuals responsible for other roles in the virtual school such as administration or course design.) Action research questions emerge from the intersection of educators' professional contexts and their real-world challenges or passions and analyzing the nature of these questions provided a glimpse into the priorities and practices of the participating instructional and noninstructional virtual educators. Studying completion rates and personalizing the curriculum were trends within questions posed by instructional personnel whereas noninstructional personnel primarily focused on macrolevel issues within the virtual schools, such as communication. Future research directions and implications for action research professional development within virtual schools are discussed. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Risk Management; Decision Making; Educational Change; Adventure Education; Athletic Coaches; Educational Benefits; Research Needs; Coaching (Performance); Skill Development

Abstract:
Adventure sport coaches practice in environments that are dynamic and high in risk, both perceived and actual. The inherent risks associated with these activities, individuals' responses and the optimal exploitation of both combine to make the processes of risk management more complex and hazardous than the traditional sports where risk management is focused almost exclusively on minimization. Pivotal to this process is the adventure sports coaches' ability to make effective judgments regarding levels of risk, potential benefits and possible consequences. The exact nature of this decision making process should form the basis of coaching practice and coach education in this complex and dynamic field. This positional paper examines decision making by the adventure sports coach in these complex, challenging environments and seeks to stimulate debate whilst offering a basis for future research into this topic. (Contains 1 figure and 1 note.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Minority Groups; Racial Differences; Academic Persistence; White Students; Research Methodology; Comparative Analysis; Research Needs; College Students; African American Students; Hispanic American Students; Asian American Students; Educational Environment; Racial Composition

Abstract:
What explains the persistent gap in college retention between white American college students and those who are members of ethnic minority groups? Some argue that a large part of the answer is campus racial climate: a negative climate disproportionately harms minority students and leads to worse outcomes. Existing theory provides some basis for this expectation. However, we find that empirical support for this claim is weak. Many studies fail to compare findings across racial groups, and the few that do offer at best inconsistent support for the thesis that racial climate helps to explain the retention gap. Furthermore, many studies are plagued with severe methodological problems such as lack of attention to level of analysis and failure to offer rigorous tests of differences across groups. We discuss the implications and offer recommendations for future research. (Contains 1 table and 1 footnote.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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