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Descriptors:
Evidence; Risk; Crime; Foreign Countries; Outcomes of Treatment; Correctional Institutions; Rehabilitation; Criminals; Recidivism; Beliefs; Peer Relationship; Correctional Rehabilitation

Abstract:
This study extends our knowledge about the rehabilitation of criminal organization offenders by focusing on their community outcomes upon release, and identifying the risk factors related to reoffending for 332 organized crime offenders released from federal penitentiaries in Canada prior to March 31, 2009. Of that group, 12.7% were readmitted to prison, which was about one half the percentage of a matched group of nonorganized crime offenders. These results are especially relevant given that most of these offenders were affiliated with traditional organized crime groups, such as the Mafia or outlaw motorcycle gangs, and, as such, are likely to be admitted to prison with well entrenched criminogenic beliefs and negative peer associations. These findings provide empirical evidence that these offenders do have the potential for successful community reentry. Implications for the development of correctional programs are discussed. (Contains 5 tables and 2 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Safety Education; Intervention; Recidivism; Outcomes of Education; Alcohol Education; Motor Vehicles; Traffic Safety; Crime; Drinking; Program Effectiveness; Courts; Law Enforcement

Abstract:
The Mississippi Alcohol Safety Education Program (MASEP) is a court-mandated driving under the influence (DUI) intervention for persons convicted of DUI. This study describes the evolution of the curriculum, evaluates the effectiveness of MASEP in reducing recidivism, and examines whether recent program revisions have led to improvements in reducing recidivism. Findings indicate that between 2005 and 2009 individuals who completed MASEP had significantly lower recidivism rates at 12-months follow-up compared to those who did not complete or did not enroll in MASEP, and that the most recent curriculum is more effective in reducing recidivism than its predecessor. (Contains 3 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Prevention; Psychotherapy; Statistical Significance; Coping; Sexual Abuse; Group Therapy; Risk; Recidivism; Skill Development; Outcomes of Treatment; Criminals; Psychoeducational Methods; Classification; Scores; Diagnostic Tests

Abstract:
The purpose of the study was to evaluate relapse prevention skill acquisition within the context of a comprehensive treatment program involving group psychotherapy, relapse prevention programming, and other essential psychoeducational components. The Sex Offender Situational Competency Test (SOSCT) was administered pretreatment and posttreatment to 139 convicted adult sex offenders in intensive inpatient treatment for 5.7 to 22.9 months. The SOSCT measures the ability to recognize high-risk situations and the effectiveness of the coping skills generated. Participants were presented with differing scenarios depending on their sex-offender subtype (75 heterosexual child molesters, 23 homosexual child molesters, and 36 rapists of women). Posttreatment scores on the SOSCT improved significantly (p less than 0.0005) but neither the sex offender group effect (p greater than 0.357) nor the interaction between treatment time and group (p greater than 0.097) obtained statistical significance. It is very unlikely that the SOSCT improvements obtained simply result from participation in relapse prevention programming. (Contains 3 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Animals; Correctional Institutions; Program Descriptions; Incidence; Program Effectiveness; Recidivism; Discipline; Institutionalized Persons; Correctional Rehabilitation; Self Control; Psychological Patterns

Abstract:
Equine-facilitated prison programs have become more prevalent and operate in correctional facilities in 13 states throughout the United States. However, there is a deficit of empirical knowledge to guide them. This article reviews 19 studies of prison-based animal programs and centers on patterns in the literature. It reveals how previous studies are relevant and how they can be applied to the examination of equine-facilitated prison-based interventions. Research of this field is warranted in order to study issues, such as the effectiveness of these programs, suitable participants for such programs and contraindications, and the impact of these programs on variables such as recidivism and disciplinary misconduct. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Adolescents; Toxicology; Cocaine; Drug Addiction; Cognitive Processes; Predictor Variables; Brain Hemisphere Functions; Diagnostic Tests; Drug Use Testing; Statistical Analysis; Error Patterns; Task Analysis; Therapy; Regression (Statistics); Gender Differences; Recidivism

Abstract:
Deficits in cognitive control are implicated in cocaine dependence. Previously, combining functional magnetic resonance imaging and a stop signal task, we demonstrated altered cognitive control in cocaine-dependent individuals. However, the clinical implications of these cross-sectional findings and, in particular, whether the changes were associated with relapse to drug use, were not clear. In a prospective study, we recruited 97 treatment-seeking individuals with cocaine dependence to perform the stop signal task during functional magnetic resonance imaging and participate in follow-up assessments for 3 months, during which time cocaine use was evaluated with timeline follow back and ascertained by urine toxicology tests. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were analysed using general linear models as implemented in Statistical Parametric Mapping 8, with the contrast "stop error greater than stop success trials" to index error processing. Using voxelwise analysis with logistic and Cox regressions, we identified brain activations of error processing that predict relapse and time to relapse. In females, decreased error-related activations of the thalamus and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex predicted relapse and an earlier time to relapse. In males, decreased error-related activations of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and left insula predicted relapse and an earlier time to relapse. These regional activations were validated with data resampling and predicted relapse with an average area under the curve of 0.849 in receiver operating characteristic analyses. These findings provide direct evidence linking deficits in cognitive control to clinical outcome in a moderate-sized cohort of cocaine-dependent individuals. These results may provide a useful basis for future studies to examine how psychosocial factors interact with cognitive control to determine drug use and to evaluate the efficacy of pharmacological or behavioural treatment in remediating deficits of cognitive control in cocaine addicts. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Child Abuse; Substance Abuse; Adolescents; Racial Differences; Recidivism; Child Neglect; Family Relationship; Juvenile Justice; Law Enforcement; At Risk Persons; Victims of Crime; Child Rearing; Rejection (Psychology); Family Influence; Peer Influence; Academic Achievement; Mental Health

Abstract:
Victims of child abuse and neglect are at an increased risk of involvement with the juvenile justice and adult correctional systems. Yet, little is known about the continuation and trajectories of offending beyond initial contact with law enforcement. Neglect likely plays a critical role in continued offending as parental monitoring, parental rejection and family relationships are instrumental in explaining juvenile conduct problems. This study sought to determine whether neglect is associated with recidivism for moderate and high risk juvenile offenders in Washington State. Statewide risk assessments and administrative records for child welfare, juvenile justice, and adult corrections were analyzed. The sample was diverse (24 % female, 13 % African American, 8 % Hispanic, 5 % Native American) and included all moderate and high risk juvenile offenders screened by juvenile probation between 2004 and 2007 (n = 19,833). Official records from child protection were used to identify juvenile offenders with a history of child neglect and to identify juvenile offenders with an ongoing case of neglect. Event history models were developed to estimate the risk of subsequent offending. Adolescents with an ongoing case neglect were significantly more likely to continue offending as compared with youth with no official history of neglect. These findings remain even after controlling for a wide range of family, peer, academic, mental health, and substance abuse covariates. Interrupting trajectories of offending is a primary focus of juvenile justice. The findings of the current study indicate that ongoing dependency issues play a critical role in explaining the outcomes achieved for adolescents in juvenile justice settings. The implications for improved collaboration between child welfare and juvenile justice are discussed. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Therapy; Institutionalized Persons; Correctional Education; Metacognition; Risk; Cognitive Restructuring; Behavior Modification; Recidivism; Correctional Rehabilitation; Correctional Institutions; Self Control; Outcomes of Treatment

Abstract:
Cognitive-behavioral therapy and relapse prevention represent the correctional gold standard in treatment, while the principles of risk, need, and responsivity are widely recognized as essential for reducing recidivism. Addressing responsivity has become difficult as the number of inmates with mental health diagnoses continues to rise, complicating treatment programming and highlighting the need for adjunct, complimentary therapies. Mindfulness has been shown to be effective across a number of clinical populations found within correctional settings. Furthermore, it has been shown to be effective for working with difficulties identified as dynamic, criminogenic needs; for example, self-regulation. The present article reviews mindfulness research with the goal of demonstrating the utility of this adjunct approach to working with individuals residing within the correctional system. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Maintenance; Correctional Rehabilitation; Sexual Abuse; Criminals; Therapy; Recidivism; Program Evaluation; Program Content

Abstract:
While optimism regarding the treatment of sexual offenders has increased over the past couple of decades, research into the factors that assist offenders in maintaining therapeutic changes remains in the dark. Maintenance programs for offenders, while theoretically appearing to have a solid place in offender rehabilitation, surprisingly have not been explored in detail with very little information or research examining the operationalization of such programs. The present article briefly reviews the literature available and poses some of the outstanding conceptual and practical issues regarding maintenance programs, such as program duration, intensity, content, and format. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Evidence; Recidivism; Bibliotherapy; Sociocultural Patterns; Correctional Rehabilitation; Evaluation Research; Law Enforcement; Cognitive Restructuring; Literature; Program Descriptions; Crime; Criminals; Control Groups; Correctional Institutions; Program Effectiveness

Abstract:
Prior research indicates that probation programs that include efforts to change cognitive orientations and social patterns can enhance their effectiveness. This article reports an evaluation of an enhanced probation program, Changing Lives Through Literature, which uses a form of bibliotherapy to increase its rehabilitative effect. Controlling for offense histories, offender characteristics, jurisdiction, and propensity scores, rates of recidivism are compared between probationers who participated in the program and a random sample of potentially eligible probationers in the same jurisdictions and time periods. A limited observational study of program process suggests that changes occurred in participants' cognitive orientations and social styles. As hypothesized, the rate of recidivism and offense severity declined for program participants more than for those in the comparison group, after the controls and in all jurisdictions studied. Possible reasons for the program's value are reviewed, including its adherence to evidence-based principles recommended by the National Institute of Corrections (2005); recommendations are made for more extended program sessions and more extensive evaluative research. (Contains 3 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Evidence; Program Effectiveness; Aggression; Mental Disorders; Patients; Hospitals; Antisocial Behavior; Cognitive Ability; Recidivism; Skill Development; Rehabilitation; Thinking Skills; Violence; Males; Institutionalized Persons; Verbal Communication; Substance Abuse; Psychopathology; Criminals; Correctional Institutions

Abstract:
Objective: Despite a large evidence base indicating that cognitive skills programs can reduce reoffending in individuals without mental illness, there have been no randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to determine their effectiveness in mentally disordered offenders (MDOs). In the first RCT of a cognitive skills program for MDOs, we aimed to investigate whether participation in the Reasoning and Rehabilitation (R&R) program reduced violence and antisocial behavior in this population. Method: Eighty-four male inpatients with a psychotic disorder and a history of violence were recruited from medium secure forensic hospitals. Participants were randomized to receive the R&R program, consisting of 36 two-hour sessions, or treatment as usual (TAU). Incidents of violence and antisocial behavior (verbal aggression, substance use, and leave violations) were assessed during treatment and at 12-months posttreatment. Results: Relative to the TAU group, incident rates of verbal aggression and leave violations during the treatment period were significantly lower in the R&R group; the effect on verbal aggression was maintained at 12-months posttreatment. Half of those randomized to receive R&R did not complete treatment; post hoc analyses were therefore conducted to compare treatment responses in program completers and noncompleters. After controlling for psychopathic traits, incidents of violence, verbal aggression, and leave violations during treatment were significantly lower in program completers, and there were significant effects of program completion on verbal aggression and substance use at 12-months posttreatment. Conclusions: R&R leads to a reduction in incidents of antisocial behavior in MDO populations, with potentially greater impact on those who complete treatment. (Contains 3 tables and 1 figure.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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