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Descriptors:
Elementary Education; Foreign Countries; Religious Education; Parochial Schools; Protestants; Public Education; Educational History; Catholics; Ideology; Conflict; Religious Factors

Abstract:
In the Netherlands of the late nineteenth century, primary education became one of the central issues in relation to raising political awareness and mobilising previously quiescent Dutch citizens. Protestants and Catholics alike claimed that Dutch public education left insufficient space for religious education and teamed up to struggle for state-financed religious schools. These were created in 1917, after which education was organised along religious and ideological lines. Tensions between Catholic, Protestant and secular public schools were severe, but after 1945 disagreements between these groups decreased as Dutch society secularised. This article examines how religious schools have dealt with this transformation since the 1950s. In a society secularising as rapidly and dramatically as the Netherlands, one would expect that support for religious schools would diminish over time. This, however, never occurred. Parochial schools still accommodate two-thirds of Dutch children and thus managed to retain their institutional dominance. This article argues that this curious "survival" of Christian schools in a secularised society does not imply that Christian schools were able to oppose secularisation as such. Instead, by their dedicated attempts to "personalise" religion in the 1950s and 1960s, hoping to strengthen religious convictions among students, they ironically smoothened rather than obstructed the path for secularisation. (Contains 33 footnotes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Foreign Countries; Developing Nations; Trust (Psychology); Role of Religion; Multiple Regression Analysis; Ethnicity; Educational Attainment; Age Differences; Gender Differences; Mass Media Role; Social Justice; Religion; Catholics; Religious Organizations; Place of Residence; Life Satisfaction; Political Affiliation; Social Indicators; Sociometric Techniques; Religious Factors; Comparative Analysis; Surveys; Correlation; Predictor Variables; Traditionalism; Protestants; Muslims

Abstract:
Based on individual-level data from 2008 Afro-barometer survey, this study explores the relationship between religion (religious affiliation and religious importance) and trust (interpersonal and institutional) among Ghanaians. Employing hierarchical multiple regression technique, our analyses reveal a positive relationship between religious affiliation and both measures of trust among Ghanaians. A positive relationship between Catholic, Protestant, Muslim, Pentecostal/Evangelical faiths and interpersonal trust compared to non/traditional religion are detected. The data also reveal that upon controls, only Catholic and Pentecostal/Evangelical show significant positive effect on institutional trust among Ghanaians compared to non/traditional religion. It is worth noting that religious importance does not significantly predictor of neither interpersonal nor institutional trust among Ghanaians. The overall effect of religion on trust is weak, and weaker for institutional trust. Most of the difference relates to the difference between world religions and traditional religions. Place of residence, political affiliation, region of residence, ethnicity, and education are significant nonreligious predictors of both institution and interpersonal trust among Ghanaians. The findings further show that whereas age significantly influences only interpersonal trust, gender, life satisfaction, media exposure, sense of corruption, and sense of unfair treatment are significant factors molding institutional trust among Ghanaians. Policy implications of the study are discussed, emphasizing the need to incorporate religious organizations in efforts aimed at boosting interpersonal and institutional trust among Ghanaians. Religious-specific trust promotion program is suggested as possible strategy likely to succeed in Ghana. The need for more detailed studies in this important but ignored area is emphasized. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Sexuality; Ethics; Intimacy; Theological Education; Clergy; Power Structure; Interpersonal Relationship; Teaching Methods; Churches; Protestants; Educational Objectives; Outcomes of Education; Religious Education

Abstract:
Clergy often begin their ministerial careers unprepared to handle issues of professional power, sexuality and intimacy, and interpersonal boundaries. In response, denominational bodies and theological schools are seeking together ways to enhance the teaching of "professional sexual ethics"--referring to the integration of professional ethics, sexual ethics, and sexuality education--across the seminary curriculum. Presented is one model, adopted by The United Methodist Church, of specific learning objectives, student outcomes, and content areas serving as a baseline of expectation for ministerial leaders. Religious educators can be instrumental in coordinating and resourcing this effort--both inside and outside the classroom. (Contains 4 footnotes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Homosexuality; Adolescents; Young Adults; Religious Factors; Focus Groups; Religion; Generalization; Sexuality; Christianity; Catholics; Protestants; Interviews; Journal Writing; Correlation

Abstract:
Religious contexts have traditionally been understood as protective for a variety of psychosocial health outcomes. However, the generalizability of these findings to youth who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender or queer (LGBTQ) is questioned due to denominational teachings on same-sex attractions and sexual behavior. Eight adolescents (15-17 years) and 11 young adults (19-24 years) who identify as LGBTQ raised in Christian religious affiliations (16 participants raised in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, 2 participants raised Catholic and 1 participant raised Presbyterian) participated in individual in-depth interviews, journal writings, and focus groups to provide greater insight into the lived experiences of LGBTQ individuals raised within a Christian religious environment. Findings suggest the religious context is related to both positive and negative outcomes. Eight themes are explored using participant's own words and experiences. Directions for future research and implications are discussed. (Contains 1 table.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Mental Health; Adolescent Attitudes; Religion; Protestants; Phenomenology; Churches; Help Seeking; Spiritual Development

Abstract:
Spirituality and religion are integral parts of a person's belief system and support network. Although there are many avenues a person can take when seeking mental health care, conservative Protestant clients have a tendency to seek assistance through their church. There is a paucity of literature about conservative Protestant church members' perceptions of mental health care. The authors used phenomenology to understand participants' perceptions of mental health care provided by the church. Themes found within participants' stories included the importance of the relationship when seeking care, the use of knowledgeable practitioners, and the use of religious practices in counseling. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Protestants; Pain; Longitudinal Studies; Terminal Illness; Religion; Quality of Life; Neurological Impairments; Comparative Analysis; Catholics; Beliefs; Christianity; Religious Factors; Health Services; Public Policy

Abstract:
We use Wisconsin Longitudinal Study data (n = 2,678) to assess the effects of religious denomination and ideology on end-of-life treatment preferences in two hypothetical terminal illness scenarios: physical pain and severe cognitive impairment. We found no statistically significant differences when comparing traditionally defined religious denominational groups (i.e., conservative, moderate and liberal Protestants; Catholics; other religions; no religion). However, when we considered the intersection of broad denominational group and adherence to Christian fundamentalist beliefs, we found that fundamentalist Catholics and fundamentalist Protestants were significantly more likely than their nonfundamentalist counterparts to desire life-extending treatments in both scenarios. These effects were fully explained by beliefs about quality of life and religious control over medical decisions. We end with a discussion of the study's theoretical and policy implications. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Protestants; Religion; Religious Factors; Measurement; Surveys; Classification; Political Attitudes; Social Attitudes; Correlation

Abstract:
Our original article espoused a simple way to recode religious groups on the General Social Survey (GSS) into historically meaningful categories and attempted to steer social scientists away from assigning these groups to a "Liberal-Moderate-Conservative" scale (Smith 1990). Among other problems, such scales create arbitrary cutpoints, have little to do with the historical movements that gave rise to particular religious affiliations and tend to conflate religious, economic, social and political ideas into one monolithic measure. In contrast, we assigned Protestants to mainline, evangelical and Black Protestant categories. In 12 short years, our classificatory system (RELTRAD) has become the standard way to code GSS affiliation data and has been utilized in many other survey efforts. Since its publication, no competing classificatory schemes have emerged to replace it. This article extends our earlier work and raises a series of theoretical and methodological issues for consideration by scholars in efforts to classify religious groups for analysis purposes. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Elementary Schools; Foreign Countries; Educational Change; Intergroup Relations; Self Concept; Teacher Collaboration; Religious Education; Social Theories; Interviews; Teacher Attitudes; Educational Policy; Trust (Psychology); Catholics; Protestants

Abstract:
The purpose of this article is to examine the process of collaborative working between teachers located in separate faith-based schools in Northern Ireland. Drawing on theories of intergroup relations, and with reference to in-depth interviews with teachers in post-primary schools, the article shows that despite earlier research which identified a reluctance amongst teachers in the different sectors to work together, most Catholic and Protestant teachers are motivated to collaborate to develop a more broadly based curriculum for pupils. However, it has also been shown that teachers tend to studiously avoid discussing their differences in mixed-faith contexts, and it is argued that this may have the potential to constrain collaborative relations. It is concluded that without strategic direction from policy makers to assist teachers in negotiating and exploring their differences it will be difficult to build the trust which is likely to sustain collaborative relations. (Contains 1 note.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
College Freshmen; Longitudinal Studies; Role of Religion; Role; Race; Friendship; Racial Relations; College Seniors; Protestants; Jews; Student Participation; Religious Organizations; Student Subcultures

Abstract:
This study analyzes data from the National Longitudinal Study of Freshmen (NLSF) to examine whether religious affiliation and involvement are related to the outcome of interracial friendship in the fourth year of college. When controlling for students' demographic characteristics, institutional characteristics, and previous levels of interracial friendship, being Protestant or Jewish was negatively related to interracial friendship. In addition, students who reported higher levels of religious salience and involvement in campus religious organizations were significantly less likely to have close friends of another race by the fourth year of college. Findings highlight the need for educators to understand the role of religion in shaping students' precollege and college experiences with diversity. (Contains 3 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Qualitative Research; Field Studies; Program Effectiveness; Program Evaluation; Interdisciplinary Approach; Literary Criticism; Biblical Literature; Protestants; Secondary Education; Integrated Activities; Learning Experience; Philosophy; Data Analysis

Abstract:
In this article, the author describes a qualitative field study designed to test the effectiveness of Forum Theatre (FT) as a cross-disciplinary approach to Biblical parabolic literature analysis for students enrolled in a Seventh-day Adventist (SDA) Academy. The author provides a brief overview of the theoretical framework of the study, the study design, and data analysis, then discusses the study's findings and the study's implications for SDA education and Theatre of the Oppressed (TO), the dramatic system to which FT belongs. In this study, drama, literature, and theology interacted to provide students with an integrated learning experience. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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