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Descriptors:
Awards; Community Colleges; Certification; Allied Health Occupations; Fire Protection; Police; Maintenance; Welding; Business Administration; Information Technology; Building Trades; Employment Qualifications; Employment Opportunities

Abstract:
Certificates are nondegree awards for completing an educational program of study after high school. Typically, students finish these programs to prepare for a specific occupation. And they do so in a relatively short period of time: Most certificates take less than a year to complete, and almost all are designed to take less than 2 years. Among the questions about certificates that one will need to have answered are the following: (1) What occupations can certificates prepare me for?; (2) What are some benefits and drawbacks to getting a certificate?; and (3) How can I find a program that's right for me? This article answers these and other questions about certificates and certificate programs. The first section of the article describes certificates and some of the occupations that require them. The second section explains some potential benefits and drawbacks to these educational awards. The third section offers advice on evaluating certificate programs. The final section provides additional sources of information. (Contains 7 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Mathematical Concepts; Cooperative Learning; Misconceptions; Police; Mathematics Instruction; Mathematical Logic; Teaching Methods; Group Activities; Problem Solving; Crime; Creative Teaching; Middle Schools; Secondary School Mathematics

Abstract:
Crime Scene for Mathematics Investigation (CSMI) was created as a small group, cooperative, self-selective grouping strategy to allow students to explore mathematics based on their own understanding and perceived readiness, much like the concept and application of literature circles in language arts. In essence, these self-chosen small groups met as mini-learning communities to support one another in developing mathematical reasoning strategies through open discussion while problem solving. Three tiered sections of CSMI dealt with similar mathematical content or themes; these sections were called Yellow Tape, Detectives, and Forensics. The author described the sections to the students from the perspective of police officers who have different duties but must still work together. Just as there are different types of police officers who work to solve crimes, different groups of mathematicians in the class must work together to learn math based on a common theme. Although CSMI might look different from classroom to classroom, four basic procedures are involved in implementing CSMI: (1) Identify Learning Goals; (2) Purposefully Select Problems; (3) Elicit Evidence of Learning; and (4) Adapt Instruction. Creating a classroom structure that allows the teacher to promote students' mathematical reasoning, formatively assess learning, and adapt instruction to support all students is critical, regardless of students' current understandings or readiness. CSMI created a structure within the author's classroom by which he could accurately gauge student learning and address misconceptions in a timely manner while helping students develop relational understanding. Furthermore, students believed that they could be successful in mathematics. (Contains 5 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Records (Forms); Discourse Analysis; Victims; Police; Sexual Abuse; Interpersonal Relationship; Credibility; Court Litigation; Law Enforcement; Counties; Foreign Countries

Abstract:
This study investigated the social construction of domestic abuse by police officers, specifically in the context of arguments presented to the prosecutor for a decision on whether to proceed with or discontinue the case. Nineteen police files were examined with a particular focus on the MG3, the "Report to Crown Prosecutors for Charging Decision." Access to such sensitive material is usually denied to researchers; therefore, this study offers unusual insights into the treatment of victims and perpetrators of interpersonal violence by the police. Discourse analysis revealed three dominant speech genres: impartiality, credibility, and the "real" victim. These genres separately and in interaction served to construct domestic abuse cases in ways that did not support the victim's account. The "dialogic reverberations" of these findings are discussed and the implications of the work for research and practice are considered. (Contains 5 extracts and 2 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Injuries; Family Violence; Longitudinal Studies; Intimacy; Aggression; Law Enforcement; Court Litigation; Police; Program Effectiveness; Comparative Analysis; Females

Abstract:
The objective of this study was to measure the efficacy of protection orders (POs) in reducing assault and injury-related outcomes using a matched comparison group and tracking outcomes over time. This study was a retrospective review of police, emergency department, family court, and prosecutor administrative records for a cohort of police-involved female IPV victims; all events over a 4-year study period were abstracted. Victims who obtained POs were compared with a propensity-score-based match group without POs over three time periods: Before, During, and After the issuance of a PO. Having a PO in place was associated with significantly more calls to police for nonassaultive incidents and more police charging requests that were of multiple-count and felony-level. Comparing outcomes, PO victims had police incident rates that were more than double the matched group prior to the PO but dropped to the level of the matched group during and after the order. ED visits dropped over time for both groups. This study confirmed the protective effect of POs, which are associated with reduced police incidents and emergency department visits both during and after the order and reduced police incidents compared with a matched comparison group. (Contains 2 tables and 1 figure.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Certification; Age; Foreign Countries; Weapons; Low Income; Homicide; Police; Gun Control; Federal Legislation; Spouses; Statistical Analysis; Statistical Data; Regression (Statistics); Trend Analysis; Unemployment; Immigration; Institutionalized Persons; Correctional Institutions; Correlation

Abstract:
Canada has implemented legislation covering all firearms since 1977 and presents a model to examine incremental firearms control. The effect of legislation on homicide by firearm and the subcategory, spousal homicide, is controversial and has not been well studied to date. Legislative effects on homicide and spousal homicide were analyzed using data obtained from Statistics Canada from 1974 to 2008. Three statistical methods were applied to search for any associated effects of firearms legislation. Interrupted time series regression, ARIMA, and Joinpoint analysis were performed. Neither were any significant beneficial associations between firearms legislation and homicide or spousal homicide rates found after the passage of three Acts by the Canadian Parliament--Bill C-51 (1977), C-17 (1991), and C-68 (1995)--nor were effects found after the implementation of licensing in 2001 and the registration of rifles and shotguns in 2003. After the passage of C-68, a decrease in the rate of the decline of homicide by firearm was found by interrupted regression. Joinpoint analysis also found an increasing trend in homicide by firearm rate post the enactment of the licensing portion of C-68. Other factors found to be associated with homicide rates were median age, unemployment, immigration rates, percentage of population in low-income bracket, Gini index of income equality, population per police officer, and incarceration rate. This study failed to demonstrate a beneficial association between legislation and firearm homicide rates between 1974 and 2008. (Contains 2 tables and 3 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Child Abuse; Violence; Prevention; Public Health; Race; Ethnicity; Age Differences; Whites; Males; Victims; Racial Differences; Police; Law Enforcement; Intimacy; Case Studies; Rape; Crime; Measures (Individuals); African Americans; Hispanic Americans; Marital Status; Injuries; Qualitative Research; Racial Relations

Abstract:
The objectives of this study were to examine racial and ethnic disparities in perpetrator and incident characteristics and discrepancies between police charges and reported perpetrator behaviors in police-reported intimate partner violence (IPV). This cross-sectional study used standardized police data and victim narratives of IPV incidents reported to the police in Dallas, Texas in 2004. The sample included non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic male perpetrators who were residents of Dallas (N = 4470). Offense charges were prioritized in descending order: sexual assault, aggravated assault, simple assault, kidnapping, robbery, and intimidation. Textual data from the victim narratives were coded, based on the revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS), and categorized in descending order of priority: sexual (severe, minor), physical (severe, minor), and psychological (severe, minor) assault. Perpetrators were more likely to be Black and Hispanic. Perpetrator and incident characteristics varied significantly by race/ethnicity, particularly age, age difference between partners, marital status, injury, and interracial relationships. Qualitative data revealed that greater proportions of Black and Hispanic men perpetrated severe physical, but not sexual violence, compared with White men. The greatest disparity between CTS categories and police charges occurred among those cases identified by the CTS as severe physical IPV; 84% were charged with simple assault. Significant differences by race/ethnicity were found only for simple assault charges, which were coded as severe physical as opposed to minor physical IPV more often among Black (69% and 31%) compared with White (62% and 38%) men. The disparities revealed in this study highlight the need to enhance primary and secondary prevention efforts within Black and Hispanic communities and to increase linkages between police, community, and public health organizations. (Contains 4 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Information Technology; Terrorism; Outreach Programs; Emergency Programs; Correlation; Institutional Characteristics; Police; Public Agencies; National Security; Radio; Scores; Economic Climate

Abstract:
Different elements of local police agencies' terrorism preparedness may be associated with different organizational/environmental variables. We use 2003-2007 data (showing considerable adoption and desistance of practices) on medium-to-large-sized local agencies to examine relationships between contingency (vulnerability, organizational characteristics) and contagion (network/isomorphic influence) measures and preparedness elements, including terrorism special units, dedicated assignment of personnel, terrorism-related community outreach, computerized intelligence files, and interagency-shared radio frequencies. Modeling 2007 preparedness revealed consistencies and some differences in the associations between these measures and the different preparedness elements. The finding of no association between objective vulnerability score and any terrorism preparedness action particularly warrants further research attention. It will also be important to extend preparedness research into the recent period of economic recession. (Contains 10 notes and 2 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Terrorism; Public Opinion; Muslims; Foreign Countries; Justice; Violence; Compliance (Legal); Public Policy; Interviews; Political Attitudes; Police; Government Role; Crime; Correlation

Abstract:
Legitimacy is conceptualized as subjective individual attitudes and expectations about formal institutional authority and is often thought of as a reservoir of trust or goodwill that formal governing authorities draw on to secure acceptance and compliance with the law. Recent public opinion surveys in predominantly Muslim countries report declining support for U.S. government and policy, as well as increasing support for Muslim-based groups that attack the United States. Based on prior research within the United States showing that perceptions of legitimacy are related to both acceptance and compliance with the law, we examine whether perceptions about the legitimacy of the U.S. government may also be related to support for anti-American transnational terrorist attacks. Using data from more than 3,600 face-to-face interviews with respondents from three Muslim countries, we examine the effects of support for the American government, people, and culture on support for Muslim-based groups that attack Americans. In addition, we examine the effects of perceived domestic institutional legitimacy on support for Muslim-based groups that attack Americans. Our results indicate that individuals who have more favorable attitudes toward American citizens and culture are less likely to support attacks against Americans by Muslim-based groups. We also find that perceived legitimacy in one's own political institutions, including government, police, and the criminal justice system, is associated with lower levels of support for groups that attack Americans. We discuss the implications of the results for research and policy. (Contains 15 notes, 4 tables, and 3 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Prevention; Police; Suicide; Depression (Psychology); Films; At Risk Persons; Mass Media Effects; Social Justice; Motivation; Mental Disorders; Homicide; Misconceptions; Violence; Individual Characteristics

Abstract:
Provoking police officers to kill oneself or "suicide by cop" (SBC) has received scholarly as well as public attention. The extent to which film representations of SBC reflect SBC in society in relation to danger, depression, and other features was assessed in this study. Data on cinematic portrayals of SBC are from 16 American films; corresponding data on SBC in the real world are taken from 19 empirical studies. While the demographic features of SBC in the real world are largely reflected in film, major differences exist on motivations and incident characteristics. Motives for cinematic SBC were unlike SBC in society, wherein, respectively, 0% vs. 35% had attempted suicide in the past, 6% vs. 47% were chronically depressed, and 77% vs. 7% had recently killed someone. Cinematic SBC events disproportionately involve murderous, dangerous persons who are not depressed, and their deaths convey a sense of justice. While such media distortions can be profitable and entertain the audience, they also contribute to public misunderstandings of the nature of deviance and hinder the development of effective suicide and violence prevention programs. (Contains 3 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Higher Education; Prevention; Change Strategies; Strategic Planning; Drug Abuse; Drinking; Community Involvement; School Community Relationship; Social Problems; Conservation (Environment); College Students; School Policy; Law Enforcement; Police

Abstract:
This issue of "Issues in Prevention" focuses on campus and community coalitions. This issue contains the following articles: (1) Campus and Community Coalitions: Implementing Environmental Prevention Strategies (John D. Clapp); (2) Campus Brief: University of Rhode Island; (3) International Town & Gown Association; (4) Q&A With Traci Toomey and Bob Saltz on the Role of Coalitions in Prevention; and (5) Higher Education Center Resources. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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