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Descriptors:
Academic Achievement; Student Attitudes; Peer Relationship; Grade 5; Learner Engagement; Role; Socialization; Correlation; Outcomes of Education; Peer Influence; Longitudinal Studies; Surveys; Elementary School Students; Institutional Characteristics; Individual Characteristics; Family Characteristics

Abstract:
During adolescence, peer groups present an important venue for socializing school-related behaviors such as academic achievement and school engagement. While a significant body of research emphasizes the link between a youth's immediate peer group and academic outcomes, the current manuscript expands on this idea, proposing that, in addition to smaller peer groups, within each school exists a school-wide peer culture that is comprised of two components (a relational and a behavioral component), each of which is related to individual academic outcomes. The relational component describes the aggregate of students' perceptions of the quality of peer relationships within each school. The behavioral component is an aggregate representation of students' actual behaviors in regard to academic tasks. We used data from the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development, which surveyed 1,718 5th grade students (45.9% male, 51.4% White, 17.8% Hispanic, 7.6% African American) in 30 schools, to explore the idea that, during adolescence, the relational and behavioral components of a school's peer culture are related to students' academic achievement and school engagement. Results suggested that above and beyond a variety of individual, familial, peer, and school characteristics that have previously been associated with academic outcomes, aspects of behavioral peer culture are associated with individual achievement while components of both relational and behavioral peer culture are related to school engagement. Implications for future research are discussed. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Adolescents; Addictive Behavior; Resilience (Psychology); Theories; Multivariate Analysis; Risk; Drug Abuse; Marijuana; Drinking; Violence; Delinquency; Peer Influence; Parent Child Relationship

Abstract:
The current study examined the application of resilience theory to adolescent gambling using Latent Class Analysis (LCA) to establish subtypes of adolescent gamblers and to explore risk and promotive factors associated with gambling group membership. Participants were a diverse sample of 249 adolescents ages 14 to 18 (30.1 % female, 59.4 % African American) presenting to an inner-city emergency department (ED) who reported having gambled at least once in the previous year. Two classes of gamblers were identified and distinguished based on the probability of endorsing gambling consequences: high consequence gamblers (class 1) and low consequence gamblers (class 2). Despite similar profiles on gambling frequency and largest amount gambled, high consequence gamblers (accounting for 37.8% of current gamblers) were more likely than low consequence gamblers to gamble more than planned, feel bad about their gambling, have arguments with friends and family about gambling and to borrow to pay back money lost while gambling. Compared to the low consequence group, high consequence gamblers were more likely to use marijuana, consume alcohol, engage in peer and dating violence and delinquency, and to report negative peer influences. Low consequence gamblers had higher levels of parental monitoring. Individuals in the high consequence group had higher scores on the risk, and lower scores on the promotive, factor index and Risk x Promotive Factor Index scores predicted gambling group membership. These findings support a risk-protective model of resilience and indicate that promotive factors buffer against high consequence gambling in the context of risk. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Information Literacy; Research Skills; Asians; Foreign Students; Undergraduate Students; Student Behavior; Information Needs; Information Seeking; Information Utilization; Guidelines; Peer Influence; Prior Learning; Student Interests; Time Management; Academic Libraries; Library Services; Foreign Countries; Portfolios (Background Materials); Semi Structured Interviews; Flow Charts

Abstract:
Academic librarians are striving to better serve international students as this emerging population grows on university campuses. Past studies of international students generally focus on linguistic and cultural differences in relation to information literacy skills development. However, it is necessary to go beyond these factors to better serve the population. By using a framework based in information behavior research, the present study investigates the factors that mediate students' behavior and information literacy skills. Practical recommendations based on the findings of an in-depth qualitative study of students' research process are provided. (Contains 2 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Health Behavior; Smoking; Adolescents; Genetics; Drinking; Peer Influence; Biochemistry; Risk; Longitudinal Studies; Brain Hemisphere Functions; Guidelines; Incidence; Correlation

Abstract:
We investigate whether the serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region ("5HTTLPR"), a gene associated with environmental sensitivity, moderates the association between smoking and drinking patterns at adolescents' schools and their corresponding risk for smoking and drinking themselves. Drawing on the school-based design of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health in conjunction with molecular genetic data for roughly 15,000 respondents (including over 2,000 sibling pairs), we show that adolescents smoke more cigarettes and consume more alcohol when attending schools with elevated rates of tobacco and alcohol use. More important, an individual's susceptibility to school-level patterns of smoking or drinking is conditional on the number of short alleles he or she has in "5HTTLPR". Overall, the findings demonstrate the utility of the differential susceptibility framework for medical sociology by suggesting that health behaviors reflect interactions between genetic factors and the prevalence of these behaviors in a person's context. (Contains 4 tables, 2 figures and 7 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Poverty; Disadvantaged Youth; Public Schools; Charter Schools; School Desegregation; Social Integration; School Effectiveness; Academic Achievement; Peer Influence; Student Attrition; Educational Finance; Faculty Mobility

Abstract:
In discussing socioeconomic integration before audiences, the author is frequently asked: What about high-poverty schools that do work? Don't they suggest that economic segregation isn't much of a problem after all? High-poverty public schools that beat the odds paint a heartening story that often attracts considerable media attention. In 2000, the conservative Heritage Foundation published a report, titled "No Excuses," meant to show that high-poverty schools can work well. The forward of the report proudly declared that the author "found not one or two ... [but] twenty-one high-performing, high-poverty schools." Unfortunately, these 21 schools were dwarfed by the 7,000 high-poverty schools identified by the US Department of Education as low performing. Knowledge Is Power Program (KIPP), a chain of 125 schools educating more than 35,000 students in 20 states and the District of Columbia, is often cited as evidence that high-poverty public schools ought to be able to produce very positive results. The school program emphasizes "tough love": a longer school day and school year, more homework, and the explicit teaching of middle-class habits and norms. (Contains 21 endnotes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Academic Achievement; Adolescents; Social Capital; Friendship; Comparative Analysis; College Graduates; Graduation; Family Income; Mothers; Parent Influence; Cultural Influences; Grade Point Average; Peer Influence; Secondary School Students; Racial Differences; Educational Attainment

Abstract:
Research on social capital in education rarely considers how the resources students can access through their friendships affect educational outcomes later in life. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we explore how having resource-rich best friends impacts adolescents' college completion. We compare the influence of friends' material and cultural resources and their effects relative to adolescents' family resources. We find that having a best friend with a college-educated mother significantly increases the likelihood of college completion, though having a best friend whose parents are high income does not. This positive effect of best friends' cultural resources is not explained fully by school achievement or by the expectations of respondents, best friends, or parents. We conclude that adolescent friendships are an underrecognized source of social capital. (Contains 5 tables and 14 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Learning Motivation; Evidence; Drinking; School Policy; College Freshmen; Peer Influence; Student Motivation; Friendship; Academic Achievement; Correlation; College Students; Hypothesis Testing; Path Analysis; Attachment Behavior; Student School Relationship; Gender Differences

Abstract:
Previous studies suggest that social relations can increase one's motivation to learn in school. However, other evidence showed that having more friends may also distract from one's academic involvement. To understand the mechanisms behind this apparent contradiction, this study identified and tested the effects of a potentially important positive and negative mediator between social relations and academic motivation. A total of 226 university students were used to test the hypothesized path model. Results showed that the impact of social relations on students' academic motivation was negatively mediated by alcohol use, but positively mediated by their place attachment to the university, although the model fit differed for women and men. Implications for social relations, school policy and freshman orientation programs are discussed. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Adolescents; Peer Groups; Drinking; Anxiety; Foreign Countries; Dating (Social); Sexuality; Interaction; High School Students; Peer Influence

Abstract:
Adolescents tend to consume alcohol and find romantic and sexual partners in mixed-group settings that are unmonitored by adults. Relatively little is known about the influence that dating anxiety may have with these social interactions. A sample of 163 high school students (aged 14-17 years) completed online surveys assessing dating, sex, and alcohol-related measures of behaviors and cognitions. Anxiety in mixed-sex peer group interactions was linked to later ages of first dating relationships and anxiety in dating interactions with fewer sexual experiences. Dating anxiety was not associated with drinking behaviors, drinking motivations, or expectations for alcohol to facilitate sex. Age, but not gender, was related to all adolescent behaviors and drinking motivations, but not social-sexual expectations for alcohol consumption. Implications relate to the provision of education regarding responsible participation in social experiences in ways that promote positive development. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Attendance; Self Efficacy; Adolescents; Questionnaires; Foreign Countries; Family Life; Peer Influence; Stress Variables; Correlation; Well Being; Emotional Response; Physical Health; Mental Health; Drinking; Alcohol Abuse

Abstract:
Previous research has suggested an association between heightened levels of stress among adolescents and reduced levels of mental, physical and emotional well-being. This study sought to examine the relationship between 10 domains of adolescent stress and self-reported drinking behaviour. A total of 610 adolescents, aged 12-16 years old, were recruited from high schools in Northern Ireland. In addition to completing questionnaires on drinking behaviour and stress, participants completed questionnaires assessing self-esteem and three domains of self-efficacy. Bivariate results suggested that more problematic drinking was associated with higher levels of stress in 9 out of 10 stress domains. More fully controlled regression analyses revealed a domain-specific relationship between stress and drinking behaviour such that more problematic drinking was associated with more self-reported stress from home life, school attendance and financial pressure, but lower stress from peer pressure and school performance. These results suggest that it is a combination of a heightened occurrence of some stressors and a lower occurrence of others that is associated with more problematic drinking among adolescents. Future prospective research might investigate to what extent these relationships precede and therefore help predict adolescent drinking. (Contains 3 tables and 1 note.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Foreign Countries; Urban Areas; Adults; Motivation; Smoking; Intervention; Health Personnel; Disadvantaged Youth; Focus Groups; Slums; Peer Influence; Developing Nations; Health Promotion; Prevention; Health Behavior; Health Education; Public Health; Community Health Services; Adolescents; Adolescent Attitudes; Program Development; Predictor Variables; Social Influences

Abstract:
Project Advancing Cessation of Tobacco in Vulnerable Indian Tobacco Consuming Youth (ACTIVITY) is a community-based group randomized intervention trial focused on disadvantaged youth (aged 10-19 years) residing in 14 low-income communities (slums and resettlement colonies) in Delhi, India. This article discusses the findings of Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) conducted to inform the development and test the appropriateness of Project ACTIVITY's intervention model. The findings of the FGDs facilitated the understanding of factors contributing to increased tobacco uptake and cessation (both smoking and smokeless tobacco) among youth in this setting. Twenty-two FGDs were conducted with youth (10-19 years) and adults in two urban slums in Delhi. Key findings revealed: (i) youth and adults had limited knowledge about long-term health consequences of tobacco use; (ii) socio-environmental determinants and peer pressure were important variables influencing initiation of tobacco use; (iii) lack of motivation, support and sufficient skills hinder tobacco cessation and (iv) active involvement of community, family, religious leaders, local policy makers and health professionals is important in creating and reinforcing tobacco-free norms. The results of these FGDs aided in finalizing the intervention model for Project ACTIVITY and guided its intervention development. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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