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Descriptors:
Cultural Differences; Creativity; Cross Cultural Studies; Attitudes; Collectivism; Participation; Drills (Practice); Individualism; Foreign Countries

Abstract:
The article integrates the seven papers of the two special issues with a special focus on discussing the differences in people's beliefs about creativity between the Chinese and American cultures: How it is conceived, evaluated, and nurtured. It uses three metaphors to capture major differences in these aspects, and highlights areas with profound cultural variations in conceptions and creative education for future research. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Adult Education; Informal Education; Independent Study; Self Efficacy; Activities; Communities of Practice; Power Structure; Political Attitudes; Ideology; Activism; Teaching Models; Teaching Methods; Cooperative Learning; Participation; Open Source Technology; Educational Practices; Life Style; Quality of Life; Sharing Behavior; Skills

Abstract:
This study explored innovative alternative processes of living, learning, and knowledge sharing of a loosely knit community of anarchist, anticapitalist "Do-It-Yourself" (DIY) activists. Generated through participant observation and interviews, findings reinforced adult education theories--that adults can diagnose their own learning needs and carry out appropriate learning activities. Participants also critiqued prevailing educational practices, suggesting alternatives such as autonomy, choice, critical thinking, cooperative learning, and deconstructing hierarchy. In particularly promising findings, the DIY activists described radical alternative channels for knowledge sharing: piracy, skillshares, Internet/open source media, the streets, and zines. Employing older and newer technologies, and legal and illegal methods, these modalities embodied in powerful ways the participants' radical political commitments. The DIY activists also gave cause to reflect on the nature of cultural dialogism, community, and communities of practice as they struggled with the nature of their own identities, ideologies, and desires to broaden outreach beyond their immediate community. (Contains 1 table.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Social Environment; Problem Solving; Financial Support; Administrator Attitudes; Childhood Attitudes; Parent Attitudes; Clergy; Participation; Observation; Interviews; Mathematical Applications; Mathematical Aptitude; Mathematical Concepts; Religion Studies; Number Concepts; Number Systems; Numeracy; Influences; Theory of Mind; Beliefs; Spiritual Development; Role of Religion

Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to examine children's mathematical understandings related to participation in tithing (giving 10% of earnings to the church). Observations of church services and events, as well as interviews with parents, children, and church leaders, were analyzed in an effort to capture the ways in which mathematical problem solving was related to the social context of tithing. I introduce the direct influence model to describe components of the practice itself and to identify supports and constraints that exist related to children's opportunities to engage in problem solving that varied by participation frequency and mathematical complexity. (Contains 2 figures and 1 footnote.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Parents; Teaching Methods; Content Analysis; Early Intervention; Semi Structured Interviews; Parent Attitudes; Expectation; Educational Resources; Change Strategies; Family Programs; Program Descriptions; Participation; Community Programs; Home Programs; Early Childhood Education

Abstract:
The authors examined the extent to which parent expectations, perceptions about resource availability and supports, and strategies used to promote participation in home and community activities varied by setting and activity type. Sixteen 90-min semistructured interviews were completed with families receiving Part C early intervention services in three states. Interviews were analyzed in descriptive and interpretive phases using content analysis to identify patterns across cases and logical analysis to cross-classify data and identify patterns by setting and activity type. Parents described how often and how much their children participated but had different ways of describing their expectations depending on the activity setting and/or its purpose. Parent-reported strategies to promote participation provided a direct way of understanding how environments were perceived to impact participation. Implications for tailoring interventions to address the needs of immigrant and nonimmigrant families receiving Part C services are discussed. (Contains 3 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Participation; Recruitment; African Americans; Immigration; Counties; Patient Education; Focus Groups; Diseases; Hispanic Americans; Barriers; Classification; Costs; Coding; Safety; Trust (Psychology); Reading Materials; Literacy; Spanish Speaking; Advocacy; Cultural Background; Intervention; Scientific Research

Abstract:
African Americans and Latinos are underrepresented in clinical trials. The purpose of this study was to elicit solutions to participation barriers from African Americans and Latinos. Fifty-seven adults (32 African Americans, 25 Latinos) ages 50 years and older participated. The Institute of Medicine's "Unequal Treatment" conceptual framework was used. Six racially/ethnically homogenous focus groups were conducted at five sites in three counties. Themes within groups and cross-cutting themes were identified. The NVIVO program was used for data classification. The data were reviewed for final coding and consensus. Shared solutions included addressing costs, recruiting in community contexts, conducting community and individualized patient education, and sharing patient safety information. Participants were unanimously in favor of clinical trials navigation recruitment interventions. Solutions specific to African Americans included diversifying research teams, recognizing past research abuses, and increasing community trust. Solutions specific to Latinos included providing low-literacy materials, providing Spanish-speaking clinicians and advocates, and clarifying that immigration status would neither be documented nor prevent participation. Solutions from African Americans and Latinos reflect their cultural backgrounds and historical experiences. The results suggest the importance of developing a tailored, barriers-focused navigation intervention to improve participation among diverse racial and ethnic populations. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Disabilities; Physical Education; Intervention; Ecology; Decision Making; Inclusion; Attitudes toward Disabilities; Athletics; Models; Bias; Mainstreaming; Heuristics; Adapted Physical Education; Teacher Attitudes; Administrator Attitudes; Athletic Coaches; Educational Practices; Participation

Abstract:
The purpose of this article is to describe a theoretical model and practice examples of judgment and decision making bias within the context of inclusion in physical education and sports. After presenting the context of adapting for inclusion, the theoretical roots of judgment and decision are described, and are linked to the practice of physical education and sports. The specific concepts of judgment and decision making are then imported into selected examples of inclusive contexts, where events and processes of interest are reconceptualized in judgment and decision making terminology. Intervention strategies for reducing bias among practitioners while engaging in judgment and decision making during inclusive practice are recommended, and research studies aiming at validating and quantifying the distribution of decision making bias in physical education and sports are suggested. Finally, an ecological model is proposed, as well as a framework for identifying biases within professional preparation and service delivery in physical education and sports. (Contains 1 table and 2 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Behavioral Science Research; Research Design; Ethics; Federal Regulation; Change; Informed Consent; Adolescents; Children; Youth; Participation; Researchers; Personal Autonomy; Child Development; Risk; Research Administration; Health; Sexuality

Abstract:
For the first time in twenty years the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS, 2009) is considering changes to federal regulations governing research. The Common Rule provides the basis for government regulations and Institutional Review Boards (IRB). Proposed changes will have a significant impact on Institutional Review Board evaluation of research involving infants, children and adolescents. For example, such a revision can serve to rectify or exacerbate often observed IRB inconsistencies and over-estimation of probable harms when applying "minimal risk" or "exempt" criteria to research involving minors. Proposed revisions may also affect the feasibility of research on adolescent risk that requires waiver of parental or guardian permission to be successfully implemented. Further, recommendations for a new category of "informational risk" based on current and emerging advances in analysis and storage of bio-specimens and information technologies for archival research will have significant influence on ethical procedures required for collection and storage of longitudinal and cross-sectional data. Given the importance of any rule change to the conduct of science related to children, the Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD) convened the SRCD Task Force on Proposed Changes to the Common Rule. The purpose of this report is to alert policymakers, scientists, and participant groups to proposed changes most relevant to research involving children and to provide recommendations for ensuring the responsible conduct of child and adolescent research in the final regulatory changes. (Contains 1 footnote.) [Commentaries by Kenneth D. Pimple and Noreen Yazejian & Barbara Davis Goldman are included. Commentaries are individually referenced.] Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Social Justice; Attention; Persistence; Knowledge Level; Whites; Reflection; Participation; Racial Discrimination; Teaching Methods; Self Concept; Perspective Taking; Power Structure; Criticism

Abstract:
Calls for vigilance have been a recurrent theme in social justice education. Scholars making this call note that vigilance involves a continuous attentiveness, that it presumes some type of criticality, and that it is transformative. In this essay Barbara Applebaum expands upon some of these attributes and calls attention to three particular features of vigilance that, while they may be alluded to in the aforementioned discussions, are rarely made explicit. These three features are critique, staying in the anxiety of critique, and vulnerability. Using the lens of Judith Butler's recent work and the discussions that her work has provoked, Applebaum examines these three features of vigilance and demonstrates how they are crucial for white people interrogating their complicity in systemic racism. Finally, she discusses how the expanded three features of vigilance can offer guidance to one of the enormously thorny questions that arises in the social justice classroom. (Contains 58 footnotes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Discussion Groups; Expertise; Poverty; Mixed Methods Research; Qualitative Research; Social Indicators; Measurement; Sociometric Techniques; Research Methodology; Comparative Analysis; Longitudinal Studies; Statistical Analysis; Evaluation Research; Mental Health Workers; Psychiatric Services; Mental Disorders; Participation; Participatory Research

Abstract:
Recently, there have been advances in the development of multidimensional poverty measures. Work is needed however on how to implement such measures. This paper deals with the process of selecting dimensions and setting weights in multidimensional poverty measurement using qualitative and quantitative methods in a participatory framework. We estimate the multidimensional poverty measures developed by Alkire and Foster for a particular group: persons with psychiatric diagnoses in the United States. To select relevant dimensions and their relative ordering, two discussion groups are convened: one consisting of persons with lived-experience expertise and the other consisting of people with mental health service provision or research expertise. Several methods are used to convert dimension rankings into weights. The selection and ordering of dimensions differed between the two discussion groups, as did the resulting poverty measures. For instance, the poverty headcount using the dimensions and weights of the "lived experience" group ranged from 20.61 to 26.96% as compared to a range of 18.62-33.19% using those of the "provider/researcher" group. One of the main results of this study is that the Alkire Foster method is sensitive to the selection of dimensions and the methods used to derive rankings and weights. It points toward the limitation of relying exclusively on small scale qualitative methods for the selection and ranking of dimensions. In addition, the participatory framework used in this study was found to be essential in interpreting results, in particular with respect to the limitations of the data set in measuring relevant dimensions. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Disabilities; Autism; Recreation; Participation; Pervasive Developmental Disorders; Comparative Analysis; Recreational Activities; Interpersonal Competence; Geographic Location; Psychological Patterns

Abstract:
The recreation of children with High Functioning Autism (HFA) is not well understood. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to compare the recreational engagement of children with HFA and their typically developing peers. Children with HFA (n = 30) and peers (n = 31) were similar on key characteristics that may impact recreation except those related to the HFA attributes. Children with HFA differed from peers in terms of diversity (p = 0.002), social aspects (p = 0.006) and locations (p less than 0.001) of recreation. The two groups were not statistically different in personal intensity (p = 0.684), enjoyment (p = 0.239) or preferences (p = 0.788) of recreation. A recreational profile was developed to benefit parents and clinicians in supporting the recreation of these children. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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