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Descriptors:
Admission (School); Elementary Education; Migrants; Foreign Countries; Social Class; Disadvantaged Youth; Slums; Access to Education; Prevention; Urban Areas; Poverty; Rural to Urban Migration; Gender Differences; Consciousness Raising; Indians; Parent School Relationship

Abstract:
This paper examines the factors that prevent slum children aged 5-14 from gaining access to schooling in light of the worsening urban poverty and sizable increase in rural-to-urban migration. Bias against social disadvantage in terms of gender and caste is not clearly manifested in schooling, while migrated children are less likely to attend school. I argue that the lack of preparation for schooling in the pre-schooling ages and school admission procedures are the main obstacles for migrated children. The most important implication for universal elementary education in urban India is raising parental awareness and simplifying the admission procedures. (Contains 6 tables and 2 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Talent; Gifted; Public Schools; Home Schooling; Parent Attitudes; Educational Research; Interviews; Identification; Family Role; Parent School Relationship; Mothers; Parent Role

Abstract:
Homeschooling has witnessed a dramatic growth over the past decade. Included in this population are gifted and talented students, yet despite this growth there has been no appreciable increase in the research literature. To better understand the gifted homeschooling family, researchers interviewed 13 parents of homeschooled children their parents identified as being gifted. Four major themes emerged from the data: (a) "parents know best," (b) "isolation," (c) "challenges," and (d) "family roles." Findings reveal that these parents decided to homeschool only after numerous attempts to work in collaboration with the public school and that the mothers bore the primary burden of responsibility for homeschooling in these families. Though the move to homeschooling alleviated many of the issues experienced in public school, it brought a different set of challenges to these families. This exploratory study establishes a better understanding of why parents of gifted children ultimately decide to homeschool. (Contains 1 table and 1 figure.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Ethnicity; Language Acquisition; Immersion Programs; Parent Participation; Parent School Relationship; Uncommonly Taught Languages; Second Language Learning; Qualitative Research; Korean; English (Second Language); Interviews; Self Concept; Outcomes of Education; Bilingual Education; Parent Attitudes; Teacher Attitudes; Student Attitudes

Abstract:
This qualitative study examines the experiences of Korean-American students, parents and teachers in a newly instituted 50/50 Korean-English dual language immersion programme, where the majority of the students are of Korean descent. Based on home and school observations, as well as interviews with six Korean-American students and their parents and teachers, the data provided insights into the perceived benefits and challenges of participation in a dual language immersion programme. Although parents and children recognised the potential of the programme to develop bilingualism and biculturalism and foster stronger ethnic identity, they also perceived inequities in the ways in which the programme was organised and instruction was executed. The characteristics of the programme brought forth tensions for the parents and teachers in terms of expectations for language development in English vs. Korean, academic outcomes of bilingual vs. English-only education, parental involvement among Korean vs. non-Korean parents and instructional needs of Korean vs. non-Korean students. Furthermore, the analysis highlighted both shared perspectives as well as perspectives that were unique to children, parents and teachers arising from their different roles in the school. Implications for improved practices and policies for dual language immersion programmes for the less commonly taught languages are provided. (Contains 2 figures and 1 note.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Social Networks; Welfare Services; Parent Participation; Parent School Relationship; Welfare Recipients; Interviews; Parent Attitudes; Elementary School Teachers; Urban Areas; Parent Responsibility; Family Work Relationship; Partnerships in Education

Abstract:
This article examines how parents supported their children's education while transitioning from welfare to work. Interviews with parents, elementary school educators, and staff at a community-based organization were conducted in an urban Tennessee community. Navigating work and parenting responsibilities was particularly challenging when children had complex needs and when parent schedules offered limited flexibility. Work and training-based knowledge, experiences, and social networks informed parent involvement beliefs and practices when a parent saw parallels between a child's education and their job or training. This study offers implications for federal welfare and education reauthorization debates and partnerships between schools and welfare assistance programs. (Contains 1 table and 1 note.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Principals; Educational Change; Urban Schools; Elementary Schools; Instructional Leadership; Participative Decision Making; Elementary School Teachers; Hispanic Americans; Parents; Low Income Groups; Social Capital; Empowerment; Capacity Building; Leadership Role; Role Conflict; Coping; Community Organizations; Parent School Relationship; Educational Cooperation; Interviews; Observation

Abstract:
Purpose: Educational leadership is key to addressing the persistent inequities in low-income urban schools, but most principals struggle to work with parents and communities around those schools to create socially just learning environments. This article describes the conditions and experiences that enabled principals to share leadership with teachers and low-income Latino parents to improve student learning. Methods: This study used interviews, observations, and documents to examine the perceptions and experiences of the principals of three small autonomous schools initiated by a community organizing group in California. Data analysis was conducted in iterative phases using shared leadership, social capital, and role theories as lenses to identify themes, triangulate across data sources, and examine alternative hypotheses. Findings: Findings illuminate how a design team process initiated principals into a model of shared leadership with teachers and empowered parents that focused on deep relationships and capacity building. Principals enacted this model of the "principal as organizer" in the newly-opened schools, but they struggled to navigate conflicting leadership role expectations from district administration. Implications: Organizing approaches to education reform can cultivate shared leadership in principals and the capacity to partner with empowered, low-income Latino parents. District expectations and principals' broader social networks may be critical in navigating and sustaining such leadership. Further research on districts that collaborate with community organizing groups may provide promising insights into the development of a new generation of educational leaders. (Contains 1 table and 9 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Behavior Modification; Social Problems; Change Strategies; Educational Strategies; Behavior Change; Student Behavior; Behavior Problems; Functional Behavioral Assessment; Parent School Relationship; Parent Participation; Intervention; Guidelines; At Risk Students; Integrated Services; Child Behavior; Partnerships in Education; Early Childhood Education

Abstract:
Challenging behavior is often a source of frustration for parents. Challenging behavior is defined as any behavior that interferes with children's learning and development, is harmful to children and to others, and puts a child at risk for later social problems or school failure (Bailey & Wolery, 1992; Kaiser & Rasminsky, 2003). Children's challenging behaviors can affect a family's ability to participate in home routines and community activities. When children engage in persistent challenging behavior, the importance of designing effective behavior interventions in collaboration with parents cannot be overstated. The purpose of this article is to help early childhood practitioners collaborate with parents to identify the purpose of challenging behaviors, determine effective strategies to address these behaviors, and create a behavior support plan that "fits" the needs of the child as well as the family. Guidelines for observing challenging behaviors and creating behavior support plans also are described. Throughout the article, examples are presented to illustrate ideas that are presented; however, these examples are not meant to be comprehensive or exhaustive. (Contains 3 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Educational Quality; Foreign Countries; Instructional Leadership; Urban Schools; Data Analysis; Rural Schools; Educational Resources; Parent Participation; Parent School Relationship; Elementary Schools; Questionnaires; Teacher Attitudes; Hierarchical Linear Modeling; Educational Environment; Rural Urban Differences

Abstract:
Shortcomings of educational quality in rural schools remain a key focus in the literature related to developing countries. This paper studies whether rural primary schools in Malaysia, an upper middle-income developing country, are still experiencing lower levels of educational resources, school climate, school leadership, and parental involvement than their urban counterparts. A survey questionnaire, containing items related to these 4 factors, was distributed to teachers in the 2 school locations. In the study, 1183 teachers from 63 rural schools and 1367 teachers from 60 urban schools were involved. Due to the hierarchical nature of the data, multilevel modelling analysis was used for data analysis. Open-ended questions were analyzed using text analysis. Findings showed that generally no differences between urban and rural schools in educational quality as perceived by teachers were found, which contradicts previous studies. Nevertheless, results did show that rural teachers perceived lower levels of school climate. (Contains 6 tables and 1 figure.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Charter Schools; Parent Child Relationship; Interaction; Electronic Learning; Online Courses; High Schools; Parent Participation; Parent School Relationship; Virtual Classrooms; Interpersonal Relationship; Parent Teacher Cooperation; Motivation; Student Attitudes; Parent Attitudes; Traditional Schools

Abstract:
A belief commonly held in the K-12 education community is that parents can have a positive impact on their child's learning. However, little research has examined parental involvement in an online learning environment. In this study, researchers using survey data found that generally students and parents viewed parent-instructor and learner-parent interactions as motivational. Students viewed learner-parent interaction as significantly more motivational than did their parents. The quantity of reported parental interactions was generally negatively correlated with course outcomes. These negative correlations may be the result of parents' tendency to increase interaction levels following poor student performance and may not reflect the actual impact of parental interactions on individual student learning. (Contains 11 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Academic Achievement; Safety; Accountability; Program Effectiveness; After School Programs; Discipline; Student Behavior; Family Life; Parent Participation; Parent School Relationship; Program Evaluation; Correlation; Federal Aid; Risk

Abstract:
Afterschool programs have been operating for decades in communities across the country, and federal investment in afterschool has increased dramatically since the mid-1990s. However, even more investment in the field of afterschool, which includes before-school, afterschool and summer learning programs, is needed to keep up with the growing demand. Parents and voters overwhelmingly support afterschool and want to see more afterschool opportunities for children and increased funding for programs. As public demand and need for afterschool have grown, so too has the demand for accountability. This is particularly true for afterschool programs that utilize public dollars. After all, where tax dollars flow, so must accountability to taxpayers. Fortunately for afterschool advocates, a steady stream of afterschool evaluations are showing important gains for children, not only in terms of academic achievement but also in terms of safety, discipline, attendance and avoidance of risky behaviors. In addition, researchers have found that afterschool programs encourage increased parental involvement, an important building block for student success. This updated evaluations backgrounder focuses on the impact of afterschool programs on academic outcomes, student behavior and parental concerns about children's safety. The studies included in this backgrounder are just a few of the numerous evaluations of afterschool programs completed in recent years. In reviewing the studies included in this backgrounder, a few key themes emerged. The data and conclusions from these studies suggest that quality afterschool programs have a positive impact on a number of measures of student academic achievement, positively affecting behavior and discipline and helping relieve parents' worries about their children's safety. Specific research findings, organized by type of outcome, are detailed in this paper. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Resource Units; Public Agencies; Principals; Juvenile Justice; Law Enforcement; Juvenile Gangs; Group Membership; Educational Strategies; Police School Relationship; Parent School Relationship

Abstract:
After a period of decline, gang membership and gang activity are on the increase in the United States. Recent Department of Justice figures indicate that there are currently over 26,000 gangs involving over 800,000 members active in virtually every community in the nation. No longer territorial, gang activity extends from the most impoverished and blighted communities to the most affluent suburbs and isolated rural areas. Beyond engagement in illegal activity, and the economic rewards that brings, gangs provide a sense of power, belonging and recognition for their members. The fastest growth in gang membership is among middle level youngsters, a group that has changed its status from gang "wannabees" to "gonnabees." The Principals' Partnership is pleased to bring this resource unit on gangs and gang activity in school. This resource unit provides information, tools and links on these topics: (1) The extent and nature of gang activity in communities and schools; (2) Strategies for dealing with gangs in schools and communities; (3) Strategies for discouraging gang membership; (4) Ways to curtail gangs and gang activity in and around the school community; and (5) How schools, parents, the police and juvenile justice officials can form partnerships to control gang membership and activity in the community. Gangs and gang membership are complex topics and a large number of private foundations, government agencies, schools and law enforcement agencies are working on the problem. This resource brief provides useful information and links to many of these groups. It is organized so one can move quickly to the information needed in a school or community situation. A list of resources is included. ("The Ten Most Asked Questions about Gangs" was written by Mike Muir.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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