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Descriptors:
Biographies; Seminars; Parent Child Relationship; Daughters; Mothers; Feminism; Adolescents; Life Style; Politics; Consumer Economics; Friendship; Social Networks; Risk; Psychological Patterns; Futures (of Society); Social Class

Abstract:
This paper arose through a chance meeting between the two authors who are feminist mothers of teenage and 20 years plus daughters. We were attending an Economic and Social Research Council-funded seminar focusing on "new femininities" in the light of post-feminism and their worth and currency within the new politics of consumption and lifestyle. The seminar contributions resonated for us in two ways. Firstly, we have an interest in femininities, female friendships and how current understandings of these social bonds are being reconceptualised. Secondly, and on a personal note, we were increasingly aware that the seminar discussions framed within the landscape and biographies of risk and hope chimed with the ways our own daughters were currently playing out and negotiating their futures. How do we view the apparent contra-trajectory taken by our daughters who, unlike us, less concerned about seeing education as a ladder to "getting on", seemed intent on "down classing" in their various and successive "choices" of educational pathways and boyfriends? In making sense of shared anxieties, our concerns coalesced around the personal, the familial and, in particular, the maternal relations. It is these inter-generational tensions entangled with the emotional politics of class that are the focus of this paper. (Contains 4 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Pregnancy; Females; Depression (Psychology); Foreign Countries; Feminism; Praxis; Youth; Discourse Analysis; Public Policy; Web Sites

Abstract:
In this article I consider past and current forms of feminist practice and "girls work" and debates within contemporary English youth work. Drawing on previous scholarly work in Girlhood studies, youth work and youth policy, I explore the range of dominant discourses that have come to shape youth work practice within the current economic and policy climate. Taking two examples of present-day "girls work", Feministwebs and Girlguiding UK, I map the similarities and differences between these distinctive forms of practice, before considering the potential of feminist and queer pedagogies in reclaiming the potential for a liberatory praxis within twenty-first-century girls work. (Contains 9 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Females; Homosexuality; Foreign Countries; Feminism; World History; Social Theories; Social Attitudes; Gender Issues

Abstract:
This contribution gives an overview over 40 years of girls-work in Germany. It highlights certain topics and theoretical implications and emphasises especially the realisation of queer theory and deconstructivism in the last 10 years. (Contains 4 notes.)

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Descriptors:
Females; Caring; Sexual Identity; Physical Sciences; Career Choice; Elementary School Students; Femininity; Science Careers; Parent Aspiration; Longitudinal Studies; Surveys; Interviews; Feminism; Occupational Aspiration; Social Differences; STEM Education; Student Attitudes; Parent Attitudes; Classification; Foreign Countries

Abstract:
Internationally, there is widespread concern about the need to increase participation in the sciences (particularly the physical sciences), especially among girls/women. This paper draws on data from a five-year, longitudinal study of 10-14-year-old children's science aspirations and career choice to explore the reasons why, even from a young age, many girls may see science aspirations as "not for me". We discuss data from phase one--a survey of over 9000 primary school children (aged 10/11) and interviews with 92 children and 78 parents, focusing in particular on those girls who did not hold science aspirations. Using a feminist poststructuralist analytic lens, we argue that science aspirations are largely "unthinkable" for these girls because they do not fit with either their constructions of desirable/intelligible femininity nor with their sense of themselves as learners/students. We argue that an underpinning construction of science careers as "clever"/"brainy", "not nurturing" and "geeky" sits in opposition to the girls' self-identifications as "normal", "girly", "caring" and "active". Moreover, we suggest that this lack of fit is exacerbated by social inequalities, which render science aspirations potentially less thinkable for working-class girls in particular. The paper concludes with a discussion of potential implications for increasing women's greater participation in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics). (Contains 2 tables and 6 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Females; Adolescents; Foreign Countries; Males; Mathematics Instruction; Teaching Methods; Self Determination; Guidelines; Feminism; Gender Differences

Abstract:
The article points out some pedagogical challenges in supporting girls and young women in their emancipatory movements today. It spotlights a specific section in gender pedagogy by focusing on the aim of self-determination (rather than achievement) in the field of social-pedagogy and it refers to the concept of "girls work" in Germany. A critical discussion of new images of "top girls" leads to a first challenge: the necessity of acting in a self-reflective and sensitive way with these images in the field of pedagogy. The boys' turn in the current gender debate accuses pedagogy of being too girl-friendly. The challenge in this generalising discussion is to shift the perspective away from the boys and girls as being deficient "qua" sex towards pedagogy in general. Regarding the organisational framework this could mean rethinking single- and mixed-sex settings and their impact on gender transgressions. According to this, the concept of girls work is a special point of consideration in the article. It presents some of the results of research on girls' understandings of their self-determination within feminist youth work. It shows how girls and young women value a "girls-only" place. (Contains 5 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Females; Educational Policy; Equal Education; Sex Fairness; Discourse Analysis; Gender Issues; International Organizations; Feminism; Empowerment; Justice; Gender Differences; Social Differences

Abstract:
Girls' education has been a focus of international development policy for several decades. The discursive framing of international organizations' policy initiatives relating to girls' education, however, limits the potential for discussing complex gender issues that affect the possibilities for gender equity. Because discourse shapes our understanding of reality, the emphases and omissions of policy language can affect our understanding of complex issues such as the challenges of girls' education in international development. Using feminist critical policy discourse analysis, this study analyzes 300 policy documents, published between 1995 and 2008, that represent the "public face" of 14 organizations active in the field of international development education. We examine three types of discursive arguments given in the documents for educating girls: justice arguments, utility arguments, and empowerment arguments. We show that the robustness of "gender", and related concepts such as equity and equality as theoretical constructs, are limited, which is a factor constraining what can be understood as important in gender equity in education. Policy remains focused on girls and not gender (or boys), and on easily measurable indicators (counting boys and girls in school). This policy discourse does little to recognize that gender as a social process reproduces--or has the potential to challenge--social inequities. (Contains 1 table and 5 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Federal Government; Legislators; Federal Legislation; Constitutional Law; Debate; Rhetoric; Voting; Civil Rights; Females; Feminism; United States History; Race; Immigrants; Politics

Abstract:
Through its analysis of the rhetorical means by which the US Congress overcame jurisdictional objections to federal action on the issue of woman suffrage, this essay argues that the stasis of jurisdiction operates as a mode of assemblage of discourses, institutions, and populations. In Congress, the woman suffrage issue helped re-organize federal and state prerogatives over the management of racial and ethnic relations at home and US leadership abroad. Thus, from a governmental perspective women did not emerge as constituents but as tools of public policy. As a legislative precedent, the 19th Amendment debates prompt critical attention to the particular constraints that the discourses of state institutions pose for feminist political change. (Contains 84 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Research Methodology; College Environment; Undergraduate Students; Sexual Harassment; Racial Relations; Social Bias; Social Theories; Feminism; Ethnicity; Racial Differences; Gender Differences; Racial Bias

Abstract:
In this conceptual paper, the authors discuss how research about sexual harassment and campus racial climates for undergraduate students is relegated to separate silos. Drawing on intersectionality and critical race feminist frameworks, the authors juxtapose these strands of research with attention to ethnicity/race and gender, highlighting how sexual harassment and racial climate research both aim to promote positive college environments, but with notably different approaches. The authors call for an intersectional approach that appreciates both sexual harassment as well as the racial climate, concluding with recommendations for incorporating both strands of literature into research on educational environments. (Contains 2 tables and 4 footnotes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Pregnancy; Females; Foreign Countries; Mexicans; Social Change; Rural Schools; Nationalism; Marital Status; Feminism; Gender Bias; Political Influences; Violence; Teacher Salaries; Sex Fairness; Catholics; Victims; Age; Educational History

Abstract:
The reflections presented in this article include the process of incorporating women teachers into schools during the post-revolutionary period in Mexico. From one standpoint, women teachers lived in a state of ambiguity throughout this period because they were seen as symbols of national reconstruction following a war that left more than one million people dead. From another standpoint, they were victims of political and gender violence in a country that had not yet been pacified and was experiencing deep divisions between the armed Catholic groups that fought against the government. The process of the feminisation of Mexican teaching is approached through an analysis of the socio-professional conditions of rural teachers around the period of 1924 to 1945. There are a range of sources that were used for this research, including oral and documental. The collection of records of rural teachers from the Archivo Historico de la Secretaria de Educacion Publica are important in terms of a regional study that was done in the Valle del Mezquital as well as in a current national study. After reviewing over three thousand teacher files, I have been able to verify that many of these women were empowered and conscious of their significance in the national identity. They took advantage of the situation to obtain gender work benefits, which included equal wages to men, pregnancy leave regardless of marital status or age and uninterrupted contracts. This mobilisation by women teachers throughout the entire country was unprecedented in the professional history of Mexican women workers. These teachers fought many daily battles, both individually and collectively, to maintain their jobs, by writing letters to the head of the Rural School Department, sharing their stories and the injustices they experienced in their daily lives. Nonetheless, it is notable that for the first time, a collection of female voices can be found in the teacher files; these women did not want to keep quiet and they reflect a desire to participate in social change for themselves and their communities. (Contains 2 tables, 2 figures and 19 footnotes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Mixed Methods Research; Check Lists; Psychological Studies; Mexican Americans; Evaluation Criteria; Feminism; Psychology; World Views; Cultural Awareness; Rhetoric; Social Justice; Research Design; Data Collection

Abstract:
This is a description of the creation of a research methods tool, the "Transformative, Mixed Methods Checklist for Psychological Research With Mexican Americans." For conducting literature reviews of and planning mixed methods studies with Mexican Americans, it contains evaluative criteria calling for transformative mixed methods, perspectives from Chicana/o (Mestiza/o) psychology, and Baca-Zinn and Dill's Chicana multiracial feminism. It is useful to researchers, journal editors, teachers, and students in psychology and other social sciences. It may serve as a template in the development of comparable checklists for critiquing mixed methods studies with other cultural groups, including African Americans, American Indians, and Asian Americans. (Contains 1 table.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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