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Descriptors:
Females; Social Justice; Cultural Pluralism; Well Being; Foreign Countries; Social Change; Correlation; Freedom; Gender Differences; Guidelines; Personal Narratives; History; Cultural Context; Sex Fairness

Abstract:
The purpose of this paper is to understand historically and contextually the well-being and agency of selected female teachers in Turkey. The paper develops a justice model based on the capability approach to build on the relation between freedom and equality, and to take gender and cultural diversity as a key element. The research draws on results from in-depth biographical narratives of 15 participants from west Turkey, examining the real freedoms and opportunities of three different generations of female teachers through constructing a gendered look into women's lives. The study begins by developing a framework linking women's opportunities and freedoms drawing its normative compass from Martha Nussbaum's capabilities approach. It explores how female teachers' well-being can be understood in relation to key capabilities that individuals, communities and society have reason to value and how these capabilities and functionings can be expanded or constrained. The paper argues for the significance of thinking about capabilities in the professional lives of teachers who work for social change. Through a historical and generational sequence, it captures the egalitarian aspects of the capability approach, and strengthens its emphasis on freedoms of women. The findings of this enquiry indicate that there are persistent economic, cultural, ethnical, structural and gendered inequalities in women's lives, but that women also have agency to bring changes in their lives and through their teaching. (Contains 2 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Identification; Pregnancy; Adolescents; Brain Hemisphere Functions; Empathy; Females; Behavior Disorders; Correlation; Early Parenthood; Personality Problems; Antisocial Behavior; Diagnostic Tests; Neurology; Control Groups; Aggression; Emotional Response; Rewards; Cognitive Processes

Abstract:
Background: Conduct disorder (CD) in female adolescents is associated with a range of negative outcomes, including teenage pregnancy and antisocial personality disorder. Although recent studies have documented changes in brain structure and function in male adolescents with CD, there have been no neuroimaging studies of female adolescents with CD. Our primary objective was to investigate whether female adolescents with CD show changes in grey matter volume. Our secondary aim was to assess for sex differences in the relationship between CD and brain structure. Methods: Female adolescents with CD (n = 22) and healthy control participants matched in age, performance IQ and handedness (n = 20) underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging. Group comparisons of grey matter volume were performed using voxel-based morphometry. We also tested for sex differences using archive data obtained from male CD and control participants. Results: Female adolescents with CD showed reduced bilateral anterior insula and right striatal grey matter volumes compared with healthy controls. Aggressive CD symptoms were negatively correlated with right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex volume, whereas callous-unemotional traits were positively correlated with bilateral orbitofrontal cortex volume. The sex differences analyses revealed a main effect of diagnosis on right amygdala volume (reflecting reduced amygdala volume in the combined CD group relative to controls) and sex-by-diagnosis interactions in bilateral anterior insula. Conclusions: We observed structural abnormalities in brain regions involved in emotion processing, reward and empathy in female adolescents with CD, which broadly overlap with those reported in previous studies of CD in male adolescents. (Contains 2 tables and 3 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Academic Freedom; College Faculty; Gender Discrimination; Anthropology; Tenure; Equal Opportunities (Jobs); Females; Court Litigation; Inquiry; Institutional Autonomy; Departments; Educational History; Universities

Abstract:
In 1974, Brown University's Department of Anthropology denied tenure to assistant professor Louise Lamphere. Convinced that her dismissal was the product of sex discrimination, Lamphere filed suit against Brown. Lamphere and three other female scholars who joined her suit successfully pressed Brown into an out-of-court settlement in 1977. Significantly, the settlement required Brown not only to provide redress to the plaintiffs but also to take sweeping action in rectifying its faculty's inequitable gender ratio. While Lamphere's case marked a rare victory for academic women in the male preserve of the Ivy League, this study concerns the bearing of the lawsuit on academic freedom. It argues that academic freedom entails two interlocking principles: freedom of inquiry and departmental autonomy. Lamphere emphasised the former while Brown advocated the latter. Ultimately, the Lamphere case illustrates how academic freedom loses its efficacy when freedom of inquiry and departmental autonomy are decoupled. (Contains 97 footnotes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Females; Majors (Students); Academic Persistence; Science Education; Role of Religion; Teacher Educators; Hispanic American Students; African American Students; Disproportionate Representation; Student Attitudes; Career Choice; Science Careers; Religious Factors; Beliefs; Minority Group Students

Abstract:
This study explores the influence of religion as a support factor for a group of Latina and African-American women majoring in science. The current project is a part of a larger study that investigated persistence factors of underrepresented woman who were enrolled as science majors at United States colleges and universities. This paper focuses on one theme that emerged among six participants who disclosed how religion was a significant influence on their persistence in science fields. The strength and support offered by religious values is certainly not specific to science content; however, the support received from their beliefs highlights a potential area for further exploration. Given the importance of increasing participation by students from diverse backgrounds into science fields, it is critical to recognize how some of these differences may be the key factors influencing the way these students look at the world. This study offers evidence that science educators need to consider what role religious beliefs have for students who may be considering science or science education as a future career, particularly for those students from underrepresented groups. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Sexuality; Females; Well Being; Sexual Identity; Homosexuality; Depression (Psychology); Self Esteem; Least Squares Statistics; Interpersonal Attraction; Social Support Groups; Anxiety; Correlation; Scores; Prediction; Rating Scales

Abstract:
Identity-based conceptualizations of sexual orientation may not account adequately for variation in young women's sexuality. Sexual minorities fare worse in psychosocial markers of wellbeing (i.e., depressive symptoms, anxiety, self esteem, social support) than heterosexual youth; however, it remains unclear whether these health disparities exclusively affect individuals who adopt a sexual minority identity or if they also may be present among heterosexually-identified youth who report same-sex attractions. We examined the relationship between sexual attraction, sexual identity, and psychosocial wellbeing in the female only subsample (weighted, n = 391) of a national sample of emerging adults (age 18-24). Women in this study rated on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 5 (extremely) their degree of sexual attraction to males and females, respectively. From these scores, women were divided into 4 groups (low female/low male attraction, low female/high male attraction, high female/low male attraction, or high female/high male attraction). We explored the relationship between experiences of attraction, reported sexual identity, and psychosocial outcomes using ordinary least squares regression. The results indicated sexual attraction to be predictive of women's psychosocial wellbeing as much as or more than sexual identity measures. We discuss these findings in terms of the diversity found in young women's sexuality, and how sexual minority status may be experienced by this group. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Addictive Behavior; Hermeneutics; Suicide; Phenomenology; Pathology; Personality Problems; Self Concept; Research Methodology; Case Studies; Females; Trauma

Abstract:
The purpose of this article is to examine the phenomenon of pathological gambling and addiction from the perspective of writer and teacher A.H Almaas. By drawing on his Diamond Mind approach we trace the origin of addictive behaviors and pathological gambling to narcissistic wounding, which constitutes the loss of connection with the Essential Identity. A phenomenological hermeneutic methodology was applied in the research process in which Penny, the subject of this case study, willingly shared her life journey through addiction. A thematic analysis clustered into 5 themes revealed a link between her experiences of childhood trauma, addiction, pathological gambling, and the manifestation of fundamental narcissism. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Adolescents; Addictive Behavior; Predictor Variables; Males; Females; Individual Characteristics; Influences; Research; Intervention; Prevention; Parent Participation; Foreign Countries

Abstract:
This narrative review summarizes current knowledge on adolescent gambling for the period 1990-2010, assesses adolescent gambling behavior and person and environment predictors, and suggests directions for future research. The review includes 99 studies that identified their subjects as adolescents, children, youth, and students, and discusses adolescent gambling behavior, male and female adolescent gambling, and person and environment variables relating to adolescent gambling. Results reveal that most past research was conducted in Australia, North America, and Europe under the hypothesis of behavior as a function of person and environment variables. Future research should examine the mediated effects of person and environment variables, gambling cessation, gambling in other countries, and internet gambling. Intervention and prevention of adolescent gambling need parental involvement with parents not gambling themselves. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Anxiety Disorders; Fear; Responses; Psychological Patterns; Responsibility; Hygiene; Evaluation; Females; Undergraduate Students; Predictor Variables; Foreign Countries

Abstract:
Background: The recent expansion of interest in contamination-related obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has fostered the description of mental contamination and a series of experiments designed to understand associated factors. This supports a cognitive approach to the understanding and treatment of contamination-related OCD--especially when the contaminant is mental, rather than contact based. Appraisals associated with responsibility, violation, and immorality have been shown to predict mental contamination responses to an imagined negative event which included negative moral elements in the absence of imagined physical dirt. Imagined physical dirt can be a highly distressing component of contamination fear and is often used in OCD research. The aim of this study was to assess whether specific appraisals could predict mental contamination responses in the context of an imagined event involving both an immoral person and physical dirt. Methods: Female undergraduate students (N = 59) imagined experiencing a non-consensual kiss from a man described as physically dirty. Results: Consistent with predictions and with previous findings, appraisals generally accounted for significant unique variance in mental contamination indices above and beyond other predictor variables. Conclusions: Further development of assessment/treatment strategies focusing on appraisals will likely improve therapeutic outcomes for mental contamination. (Contains 2 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Females; African American History; United States History; Content Analysis; Conferences (Gatherings); Textbooks; High Schools; Disproportionate Representation; Heuristics; Visual Aids

Abstract:
This article addresses the dearth of African American women in high school U.S. history textbooks. The authors conducted a content analysis of the images in an African American history textbook and found that black women are underrepresented. Women are found in less than 15 percent of the images in the African American history text, while they make up nearly 30-50 percent of the images in two mainstream texts that the authors analyzed. The authors use Rachel Mattson's five heuristics to show how to incorporate images of black women in more meaningful ways in the curriculum: sourcing, inside-the-frame/outside-the-frame, intertextuality, framing historical questions, and using visual codes and conventions. (Contains 1 table and 8 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Discourse Analysis; Comparative Analysis; Children; Youth; Foreign Countries; Movement Education; Youth Clubs; Males; Females; Organizations (Groups); Extracurricular Activities; Citizenship Responsibility; Socialization

Abstract:
The aim of this article is to analyze the Swedish scout program. Socialization is used as a theoretical tool in the analysis. The method is inspired by critical discourse analysis. What are children and young people being prepared for, how is it accomplished, and by whom? The findings reveal two discourses: doing things as an investment for the future versus having fun. In "the scout factory," the movement is the initiator, the leader the performer, and the young person the individual who is to become the final product--a responsible citizen. (Contains 1 note.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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