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Descriptors:
Educational Finance; Evidence; Stakeholders; Expenditures; Voting; Tax Effort; Community Characteristics; School District Wealth; Operating Expenses; Political Attitudes; Consciousness Raising; Change Strategies; Multiple Regression Analysis; Data Analysis; Statistical Data; Input Output Analysis; Cost Effectiveness; Audits (Verification); School Budget Elections; Politics of Education; Schematic Studies

Abstract:
Using logistic regression, this study sought to understand the relationship between district characteristics, district finances, levy characteristics, and campaign expenditures with new operating levy outcomes. We found that employee benefits as a percentage of the district's budget were negatively associated with levy outcomes, while salaries were positively associated with levy outcomes, suggesting that voters may be more sensitive to retirement and healthcare benefits than salaries when voting. While campaign spending was related to levy success, types of expenditures were largely insignificant. School district personnel must be cognizant of the local conditions in crafting campaigns and recruiting community stakeholders. (Contains 4 tables, 1 figure, and 6 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Higher Education; College Athletics; Athletes; Nonprofit Organizations; Intercollegiate Cooperation; Team Sports; Student Financial Aid; Resource Allocation; Accountability; Motor Vehicles; Facilities; Health Insurance; Expenditures

Abstract:
Amid a national debate about paying college athletes, the NCAA likes to tout its often-overlooked Student Assistance Fund, whose goal is to provide direct financial support to players. The fund--which draws from the association's multibillion-dollar media-rights deals--will distribute some $75-million this year to Division I athletes. The money has helped colleges reimburse players for such things as clothing, health insurance, summer school, and many other costs that their scholarships do not cover. But not all of the dollars directly help students. According to a Big Ten Conference document obtained by "The Chronicle," the University of Iowa used part of its money last year to pay shredding fees, cover administrator-travel costs, and purchase displays for an arena. Other Big Ten universities have used their distribution in part to pay for lightning-detection software, "team-building" activities, and hundreds of thousands of dollars in parking permits--money that, in the end, often goes right into the universities' pockets. Other institutions spent a share of their allocation on team massages and yoga, chair rental, "welcome back events," and a battery of reading and learning tests. When distributing the money, many institutions give priority to recipients of Pell Grants, the federal assistance program for needy students that in recent years has helped at least 16 percent of Division I athletes. But the possible use of some of those NCAA dollars to meet staff or team objectives, rather than to directly benefit low-income students, concerns people who study policies and practices affecting college success. Officials in the Big Ten defend their use of the dollars, saying the NCAA allows institutions wide latitude in how they spend the money. They emphasize that the document, which was obtained through a public-records request, shows only a small fraction of the fund's usage. The report describes many payments flowing more directly to students. For example, the University of Nebraska dedicated $24,876 toward players' utility bills. The University of Minnesota spent $23,418 in part to send members of its football team to a funeral for a former teammate. And Penn State contributed $14,956 toward parents' travel costs when 14 of its students had surgery. Other institutions paid child-care costs, housing and travel expenses for study abroad, and hundreds of thousands of dollars in medical expenses and dental work. The Big Ten is one of the biggest beneficiaries of the NCAA money. Last year its universities received more than $5-million from the program, and used about $4.7-million of the money, according to the league document. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
General Education; Educational Finance; Public Schools; Funding Formulas; Change Strategies; Educational Change; Educational Policy; Policy Analysis; Educational Resources; Resource Allocation; Organizational Change; Finance Reform; Program Implementation; Expenditures; Educational Indicators; Educational Assessment; Expenditure per Student; Statistical Distributions; Performance Factors; Barriers; Foreign Countries

Abstract:
There is no fixed rule about how financial resources must be directed to the education sector. It is quite clear that the size of investment in the sector well defines the quality of education students are offered. It is highly important to define the amount of money, which is needed for effective functioning of schools and it is also important to define the system of actions, which will support the functional use of those financial resources. In relation to the above-mentioned, the aim of our study is to analyse general education funding during the post-reform period and based on it to show those problems, which, in spite of the significant rise in funding, arouse as a result of implementing a new system and its further change. Data sets for the research project were taken from the Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia, National Statistics Department of Georgia and directly from public schools. The object of study is all public schools in Georgia, and the period of data gathering is from 2005 till 2011. The rational for conducting the study is due to the necessity: the new funding system for the general education schools drastically changed general education finance model. Although, a number of schools fallen under so called deficit school category in the first year of implementation of the new funding system. Period more than 1300 public schools (out of 2180) had shortages in the budget. In 2011 a new, mixed type of funding model was introduced, schools with up to 160 students were funded using so-called need based approach. Under the new funding model schools with student population from 161 to 599 receive base funds. Even though this approach has worked well in terms of eradicating deficits, a number of essential problems were originated. In the paper, the authors present some conclusions and recommendations on how to solve the existing problems and how to improve the financing model in the future; one of the most important conclusions is that voucher funding scheme couldn't manage to accomplish general education funding goals relating fairness, adequacy and effectiveness. This will only be possible (a recommendation), if expenditure on education as a share of GDP increases by at least 4.5-5% (it was 2.3 in 2011). Shifting to the formula funding is among the recommendations; it will guarantee: balance between the regions, stability, comparability, forecast and it will raise the quality of transparency. (Contains 14 tables and 4 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Enrollment Projections; Graduation Rate; Expenditures; Educational Finance; Elementary Secondary Education; Public Schools; Private Schools; High School Graduates; Elementary School Teachers; Secondary School Teachers; Public Education; Postsecondary Education; College Graduates; Academic Degrees; Regional Characteristics; Age Differences; Gender Differences; Racial Differences; Public Colleges; Private Colleges; College Freshmen; Teacher Student Ratio; School Statistics; Educational Trends

Abstract:
"Projections of Education Statistics to 2021" is the 40th report in a series begun in 1964. It includes statistics on elementary and secondary schools and postsecondary degree-granting institutions. This report provides revisions of projections shown in "Projections of Education Statistics to 2020" and projections of enrollment, graduates, teachers, and expenditures to the year 2021. In addition to projections at the national level, the report includes projections of public elementary and secondary school enrollment and public high school graduates to the year 2021 at the state level. The projections in this report were produced by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) to provide researchers, policy analysts, and others with state-level projections developed using a consistent methodology. They are not intended to supplant detailed projections prepared for individual states. Assumptions regarding the population and the economy are the key factors underlying the projections of education statistics. NCES projections do not reflect changes in national, state, or local education policies that may affect education statistics. Appended are: (1) Introduction to Projection Methodology; (2) Supplementary Tables; (3) Data Sources; (4) References; (5) List of Abbreviations; and (6) Glossary. (Contains 77 tables, 27 figures and 1 footnote.) [For "Projections of Education Statistics to 2020. Thirty-Ninth Edition. NCES 2011-026," see ED524098.] Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Higher Education; Foreign Countries; Economic Progress; Educational Objectives; Training; Public Policy; Vocational Education; Labor Needs; Elementary Secondary Education; Population Distribution; Economics; Employment; Educational Policy; Educational Finance; Expenditures; Corporate Education; Graduate Study; Universities

Abstract:
Peru is in the central, western part of South America. It is the third largest country in South America and number 20 in the world. It is the country with the fourth highest population in South America. In 2010, the gross domestic product (GDP) of Peru was 154 billion USD, and its rate of growth was 8.8% (higher than the average for the region for the last 5 years). 56.8% of employed population was in the tertiary sector, 26.7% in the primary and mining sector and only 16.5% worked in manufacturing and construction. These figures are quite stable for the last years with a slight decrease in the primary sector (in 2006, it employed 32.9% of total employees), which went to the secondary sector (it was 14.2% in 2006) and the service sector (52.9% that year). In the period considered, employment has increased significantly in Peru due to economic growth. However, it is important to note that the rate of informality in the economy remains very high, with figures above 60%. The informal sector creates many "bad" jobs, without social insurance and other benefits normally provided by the formal sector. In this paper, the authors first describe the training and development policies; secondly, the higher and non-higher educational systems; finally, they display some statistics related to educational expenditure as well as Peru's strategic educational objectives. (Contains 6 tables, 4 figures and 2 footnotes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Educational Attainment; Living Standards; Water; Foreign Countries; Disadvantaged Environment; Expenditures; Child Health; National Surveys; Socioeconomic Status; Fuels; Health; Mothers; Body Composition; Evaluation Methods; Social Indicators

Abstract:
This paper uses the recent approach of multidimensional deprivation measures to provide a comprehensive and wide ranging assessment of changes to living standards in India during the period, 1992/93-2004/5. This covers the reforms and the immediate post reforms time periods. The study is the first to be based on the simultaneous use of two parallel data sets, namely the National Sample Survey (NSS) and National Family Health Survey (NFHS) data sets, covering proximate rounds and near identical time periods. The results allow a check of consistency on the picture of deprivation in India between these two data sets. The study is conducted both at regionally disaggregated levels and by socio economic groups. The deprivation dimensions range widely from the conventional expenditure dimensions to non-expenditure dimensions such as access to drinking water and clean fuel, to health dimensions such as child stunting and the mother's BMI. The use of decomposable deprivation measures allows the identification of regions, socio economic groups and deprivation dimensions that are contributing more than others to total deprivation. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Intervention; Well Being; Alzheimers Disease; Expenditures; Caregivers; Patients; Costs; Research Methodology; Nurses; Training; Control Groups; Neurological Impairments; Diseases

Abstract:
Purpose of the Study: This paper is a report of a study of the Assistance, Support, and Self-health Initiated through Skill Training (ASSIST) randomized control trial. The aim of this paper is to understand whether participating in ASSIST significantly changed the out-of-pocket (OOP) costs for family caregivers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) or Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Design and Methods: Secondary analysis of randomized control trial data, calculating average treatment effects of the intervention on OOP costs. Enrollment in the ASSIST trial occurred between 2002 and 2007 at 2 sites: Durham, North Carolina, and Birmingham, Alabama. We profile OOP costs for caregivers who participated in the ASSIST study and use 2-part expenditure models to examine the average treatment effect of the intervention on caregiver OOP expenditures. Results: ASSIST-trained AD and PD caregivers reported monthly OOP expenditures that averaged $500-$600. The intervention increased the likelihood of caregivers spending any money OOP by 26 percentage points over usual care, but the intervention did not significantly increase overall OOP costs. Implications: The ASSIST intervention was effective and inexpensive to the caregiver in direct monetary outlays; thus, there are minimal unintended consequences of the trial on caregiver financial well-being. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Qualitative Research; Children; Youth; Foster Care; Money Management; Expenditures; Paying for College; Parent Student Relationship; Developmental Stages; Developmentally Appropriate Practices; Mothers; Toddlers; Futures (of Society); College Attendance; Elementary School Students; Economic Factors

Abstract:
This paper explores contributions of qualitative research to saving theory for children, youth, and parents in children's development account (CDAs) programs. It brings together findings from three studies: (1) elementary school age children saving for college, (2) youth transitioning from foster care saving for education and other purposes, and (3) mothers saving for their toddlers' future college. Findings suggest that children, youth, and parents find CDAs helpful in accumulating savings. CDAs motivate and facilitate saving in ways that reflect developmental stages. Accumulating savings has positive economic and psychological meaning for CDA participants. CDAs overcome some obstacles in saving for the three groups, but other barriers remain, especially income flows, debt, and emergencies. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Family (Sociological Unit); Foreign Countries; Expenditures; Income; Regression (Statistics); Gender Differences; Correlation; Money Management; Food; Drinking; Marriage

Abstract:
This study examines how gendered household bargaining occurs in non-nuclear family households. We employ two South African data sets and use linear regression and household fixed effects to investigate the relationship between women's income shares and household expenditures. In married couple households, when women garner larger shares of income, spending on food is higher and spending on alcohol is lower. However, the relationship between women's income shares and expenditures attenuates with additional adults in the household. We find that in households with multiple adults, men and women bargain in gender groups to realize gendered preferences for expenditures. Future work should consider household members outside of the married dyad when modeling bargaining processes. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Identification; Mental Health; Older Adults; Depression (Psychology); Incidence; Schizophrenia; Medical Services; Expenditures; Mental Disorders; Correlation; Health Services; Drug Therapy; Clinical Diagnosis; Health Insurance; Anxiety; Classification; Eligibility

Abstract:
Purpose: Little is known about mental health disorders (MHDs) and their associated health care expenditures for the dual eligible elders across long-term care (LTC) settings. We estimated the 12-month diagnosed prevalence of MHDs among dual eligible older adults in LTC and non-LTC settings and calculated the average incremental effect of MHDs on medical care, LTC, and prescription drug expenditures across LTC settings. Methods: Participants were fee-for-service dual eligible elderly beneficiaries from 7 states. We obtained their 2005 Medicare and Medicaid claims data and LTC program participation data from federal and state governments. We grouped beneficiaries into non-LTC, community LTC, and institutional LTC groups and identified enrollees with any of 5 MHDs (anxiety, bipolar, major depression, mild depression, and schizophrenia) using the International Classification of Diseases Ninth Revision codes associated with Medicare and Medicaid claims. We obtained medical care, LTC, and prescription drug expenditures from related claims. Results: Thirteen percent of all dual eligible elderly beneficiaries had at least 1 MHD diagnosis in 2005. Beneficiaries in non-LTC group had the lowest 12-month prevalence rates but highest percentage increase in health care expenditures associated with MHDs. Institutional LTC residents had the highest prevalence rates but lowest percentage increase in expenditures. LTC expenditures were less affected by MHDs than medical and prescription drug expenditures. Implications: MHDs are prevalent among dual eligible older persons and are costly to the health care system. Policy makers need to focus on better MHD diagnosis among community-living elders and better understanding in treatment of MHDs in LTC settings. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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