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College Graduates; Underemployment; Employment Patterns; Labor Utilization; Unskilled Workers; Labor Market; Education Work Relationship; Educational Attainment; Salary Wage Differentials; Majors (Students); Cost Effectiveness; Human Capital; Labor Supply; Enrollment Trends

Abstract:
Increasing numbers of recent college graduates are ending up in relatively low-skilled jobs that, historically, have gone to those with lower levels of educational attainment. This study examines this phenomenon in some detail, concluding: (1) About 48 percent of employed U.S. college graduates are in jobs that the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) suggests requires less than a four-year college education; (2) The proportion of overeducated workers in occupations appears to have grown substantially; in 1970, fewer than one percent of taxi drivers and two percent of firefighters had college degrees, while now more than 15 percent do in both jobs; (3) About five million college graduates are in jobs the BLS says require less than a high-school education; (4) Comparing average college and high-school earnings is highly misleading as a guide for vocational success, given high college-dropout rates and the fact that overproduction of college graduates lowers recent graduate earnings relative to those graduating earlier; (5) Not all colleges are equal: Typical graduates of elite private schools make more than graduates of flagship state universities, but those graduates do much better than those attending relatively non-selective institutions; (6) Not all majors are equal: Engineering and economics graduates, for example, typically earn almost double what social work and education graduates receive by mid-career; (7) Past and projected future growth in college enrollments and the number of graduates exceeds the actual or projected growth in high-skilled jobs, explaining the development of the underemployment problem and its probable worsening in future years; and (8) Rising college costs and perceived declines in economic benefits may well lead to declining enrollments and market share for traditional schools and the development of new methods of certifying occupation competence. (Contains 12 figures, 4 tables, and 65 notes.) [This paper was written with the assistance of Anthony Hennen, Harrison Cummins, Daniel Garrett, Joseph Hartge, and Nicholas Wetzel.] Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Law Schools; Admission (School); Declining Enrollment; Enrollment Trends; Tuition; Student Costs; Debt (Financial); Employment Potential; Lawyers; Quality of Working Life; Educational Finance; Context Effect; Employment Patterns; Education Work Relationship

Abstract:
The Law School Admission Council recently reported that applications were heading toward a 30-year low, reflecting, as a "New York Times" article put it, "increased concern over soaring tuition, crushing student debt, and diminishing prospects of lucrative employment upon graduation." Since 2004 the number of law-school applicants has dropped from almost 100,000 to 54,000. Good thing, too. That loud pop people are hearing is the bursting of the law bubble--firms, schools, and disillusioned lawyers paying for decades of greed and grandiosity. The bubble grew from a combination of U.S. News-driven ranking mania, law schools' insatiable hunger for growth, and huge law firms' obsession with profit above all else. Like the dot-com, real-estate, and financial bubbles that preceded it, the law bubble is bursting painfully. But now is the time to consider the causes, take steps to soften the impact, and figure out how to keep it from happening again. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Foreign Countries; Employment Practices; Employment Patterns; Job Satisfaction; Social Change; Employee Attitudes; Social Indicators; Surveys; Quality of Working Life; Work Attitudes; Work Environment; Job Security; Job Layoff

Abstract:
Since the 1980s, many employment relationships in Taiwan have evolved from regular and long-term to contingent and short-term, with widespread downsizing adding a considerable amount of instability. Since these changes are part of a global trend, there is a growing literature concerning their influences on worker attitudes and work life quality. Here we analyze the impacts of changing employment practices on the quality of work life among Taiwanese workers, specifically analyzing the effects of nonstandard work arrangements and downsizing on job satisfaction. Data are from the 2005 Taiwan Social Change Survey, First Wave of the Fifth Phase: Work and Life Module. Our two main findings are (a) degree of use of nonstandard workers exerts a range of negative impacts on job satisfaction among regular workers, and (b) degree of downsizing exerts similar negative effects. We also discuss the moderating impacts of using nonstandard workers as part of a downsizing strategy. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Foreign Countries; Employment Patterns; Income; Human Capital; Daughters; Labor Market; Labor Force; Gender Differences; Females; Models; National Surveys; Parent Child Relationship; Educational Attainment; Academic Achievement; Poverty; Family Relationship

Abstract:
This paper shows mutually consistent evidence to support female advantage in education and disadvantage in labor markets observed in the Philippines. We set up a model that shows multiple Nash equilibria to explain schooling and labor market behaviors for females and males. Our evidence from unique sibling data of schooling and work history and from the Philippine Labor Force Survey support that family arrangement to tighten commitment between daughters and parents keeps a high level of schooling investments in daughters. Because wage penalty to females in labor markets means that education is relatively important as a determinant of their earnings, parental investments in their daughters' education has larger impacts on the income of their daughters than on their sons. Parents expect larger income shared from better-educated adult daughters. In contrast, males stay in an equilibrium, with low levels of schooling investment and income sharing. Our results also imply that the above institutional arrangement is stronger among poor families. (Contains 11 tables and 1 figure.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Foreign Countries; Evaluation Criteria; Cultural Influences; Work Ethic; Welfare Services; Employment Patterns; Welfare Recipients; Eligibility; Disabilities; Political Attitudes; Social Indicators; Sociometric Techniques; Economic Factors; Sociocultural Patterns; Socioeconomic Influences; National Surveys; Statistical Analysis; Predictor Variables

Abstract:
Research has shown that several criteria underlie people's opinions about the welfare deservingness of benefit recipients. However, it remains unknown which factors are associated with the emphasis that people place on such criteria. Using a 2006 Dutch national survey on the welfare deservingness of disability pension recipients, we study the influence of structural and cultural factors on people's emphasis on three deservingness criteria: control, need, and reciprocity. OLS regression analyses show that people's emphasis on specific deservingness criteria is strengthened by structural factors that indicate the possibility of resource competition such as the following: age, lower levels of education, unemployment, and lower income. However, actual personal experience with receiving welfare benefits weakens criteria emphasis. Cultural factors such as the espousal of views from the political right and the possession of a strong work ethic are associated with a heightened emphasis on deservingness criteria. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Educational Opportunities; Individual Characteristics; Values; Foreign Countries; Socialization; Employment Patterns; Employees; Job Security; Correlation; Surveys; Family Work Relationship; Age Differences; Work Attitudes; Social Indicators

Abstract:
We examine whether employees' preferences for various job attributes are associated with their individual characteristics in ways that are in line with "hierarchy of needs" theories. Using data from the fifth round of the European Social Survey, we observe the influence of socio-demographic and dispositional characteristics as well as socialization experiences on opinions regarding the importance of five different desirable job attributes. An item-by-item examination of the attributes (including "security" and "offering a high income") reveals that dispositional factors (measured using the battery of items in Schwartz's theory of basic personal values) influence job attitudes in expected ways, but employees also tend to place more importance on attributes that concern them more directly. For example, while female employees care more about being able to combine work and family responsibilities, younger workers value training opportunities more highly than older ones. Regarding socialization experiences, we find that job security is more important for those who have been unemployed in the past. We interpret our findings to mean that "hierarchy of needs" theories are valid in the context of job attitudes in the sense that the ranking of preferred job attributes is quite predictable once individual characteristics are accounted for. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Foreign Countries; Employment Patterns; Preschool Children; Employed Parents; Family Work Relationship; Census Figures; Child Care; Classification; Sex Role; Regression (Statistics); Age Differences; Educational Attainment; Housework; Gender Differences

Abstract:
Based on the 2006 Canadian Census "long form" sample of one in every five households, the authors develop a detailed typology of family strategies for employment and the care of preschool children. The analysis is restricted to opposite-sex couples with at least one child under age 6 and no older child or other adult in the household. The typology reveals the persistence of a highly gendered division of labor whereby mothers do more child care and men more paid employment. Multinomial regression reveals strong but nonmonotonic effects of age and education on a couple's strategy. When the partners differ in age or education, the family's choice of strategy depends on which partner is older and has more education. The authors interpret the findings as more consistent with gender theory perspectives on family models of employment and domestic work. (Contains 5 tables and 3 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Children; Human Capital; Labor; Family Characteristics; Labor Market; Health Conditions; Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; Adults; Longitudinal Studies; National Surveys; Salary Wage Differentials; Siblings; Comorbidity; Age Differences; Educational Attainment; Crime; Outcomes of Education; Employment Patterns; Employment Problems; Welfare Recipients; Welfare Services

Abstract:
While several types of mental illness, including substance abuse disorders, have been linked with poor labor market outcomes, no current research has been able to examine the effects of childhood ADHD. As ADHD has become one of the most prevalent childhood mental conditions, it is useful to understand the full set of consequences of the illness. This paper uses a longitudinal national sample, including sibling pairs, to show important labor market outcome consequences of ADHD. The employment reduction is between 10-14 percentage points, the earnings reduction is approximately 33%, and the increase in social assistance is 15 points, which are larger than many estimates of the black-white earnings gap and the gender earnings gap. A small share of the link is explained by education attainments and co-morbid health conditions and behaviors. The results also show important differences in labor market consequences by family background and age of onset. These findings, along with similar research showing that ADHD is linked with poor education outcomes and adult crime, suggest that treating childhood ADHD can substantially increase the acquisition of human capital. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Equal Opportunities (Jobs); Minority Groups; Racial Discrimination; Public Agencies; Federal Government; African American Employment; Racial Composition; Position Papers; Change Strategies; Barriers; Employment Opportunities; Employment Patterns; Employment Practices; Employment Statistics; Social Justice; African American Organizations; Research Reports

Abstract:
The U.S. Department of Education Chapter of Blacks in Government (BIG) reviewed and responded to the EEOC [Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Office] African American Workgroup Report. The BIG ED Chapter considered whether: There is any evidence indicating that the number and percentage of African Americans employed by any federal government agency is a variable in the barriers described in the Report. Articulated another way, do barriers still exist in agencies with large numbers and percentages of African Americans relative to the total number of employees in an agency? Do barriers exist in those agencies with small numbers and percentages of African Americans? The recommendations were timely and strategic, given: (1) The Obama Administration; and (2) The increasing numbers of other groups of people of color along with the lower number of Blacks employed by some agencies in the federal government. While the Report included unconscious bias as a barrier, the ED Chapter recommendations urge monitoring out and out racial discrimination and subtle forms of intentional racism. Recommendations include tracking and monitoring the furloughs, layoffs and other adverse actions for Black employees in all agencies, given sequestration. An appendix presents: EEOC African American Workgroup Report. (Contains 7 tables, 38 endnotes, and 9 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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 ERIC Full Text (640K)

Descriptors:
Labor Legislation; Employment Patterns; Labor; Labor Market; Minimum Wage; Equal Opportunities (Jobs); Economic Change; Employees; Surveys; Sampling; Role; Correlation; Industry; Salaries; Guidelines; Compliance (Legal); Competition; Costs

Abstract:
Despite three decades of scholarship on economic restructuring in the United States, employers' violations of minimum wage, overtime and other workplace laws remain understudied. This article begins to fill the gap by presenting evidence from a large-scale, original worker survey that draws on recent advances in sampling methodology to reach vulnerable workers. Our findings suggest that in America's three largest cities, violations of employment and labor laws are pervasive across low-wage industries and occupations, affecting a wide range of workers. But while worker characteristics are correlated with violations, job and employer characteristics play the stronger role, including industry, occupation and measures of informality and nonstandard work. We therefore propose a framework in which employers' noncompliance with labor regulations is one axis of a competitive strategy based on labor cost reduction, contributing to the reorganization of work and production in the 21st century labor market. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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