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Descriptors:
Educational Environment; Well Being; Caring; School Security; Fear; Foreign Countries; School Safety; Student Needs; Mental Health; School Health Services; Social Development; Emotional Development; Student Behavior; Interpersonal Relationship

Abstract:
In the aftermath of the school shootings in Newtown, Connecticut this past December, people experienced the world around them as less safe--understandably so. In response to such a tragic event, there is a degree of fear instilled in all people that for many was at its peak in the New Year as they prepared to send their children back to school. School Boards across the United States and Canada reacted to the threat to school safety by investing in increased security strategies such as surveillance cameras, on-site police officers and security guards, enhanced lockdown procedures (all school entrances and classroom doors are locked at all times), and regular lockdown drills much like the fire drill practices. In the wake of recent events it is not surprising that there are increased calls for enhanced safety measures in schools. However, these calls have diverted attention away from attending to student needs and safety issues that occur in schools in the day-to-day every day. Many children and youth require (sometimes intensive) school-based supports for social, emotional, behavioral, and relationship problems. Children's Mental Health Ontario determined that over half a million children in the province grapple with mental health problems. The consequences of leaving such problems unattended or untreated are well known and include school failure, substance abuse, violence and suicide. All young people need trusting relationships and effective support services and initiatives throughout their school experience. Children and youth need and have the right to social, emotional, behavioral and relational support services provided by highly skilled caring professionals. However, the politics of fear are being used to substantiate increased funding for school security measures. To create a safe school environment in which young people are treated fairly and with dignity and respect there is a need to ensure that the voices of children and youth are included in developing solutions, implementing change and evaluating the results of school support services and safety measures. It is incumbent upon schools to purposefully attend to the complex needs of all students and provide skilled support services within a caring school environment. The well-being--the lives--of children and youth depends on it. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Content Analysis; Early Intervention; Mothers; Infants; Parent Child Relationship; Interaction; Interviews; Parent Attitudes; Program Effectiveness; Mental Disorders; Knowledge Level; Emotional Development; Child Rearing; Foreign Countries; At Risk Persons

Abstract:
Studies focusing on mothers' own reports of their experience with intervention programmes are rare, so very little has been known about their evaluations of the programmes and what they have learned. The aim of the present study was to use interviews to evaluate these aspects of an intervention programme. The interviews were designed to capture the mothers' memories and thoughts about their experiences and to learn about the knowledge they acquired in a short-term intervention programme. Forty-six mothers identified as being at psychosocial risk were interviewed. The interview materials were analysed using qualitative content analysis. Two categories were identified: emotional context, and knowledge. The material assigned to the second category was further divided into three sub-categories. The study results point to the equal importance of actual knowledge and to the emotional dimension. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Educational Games; Emotional Development; Developmental Psychology; Cognitive Development; Social Development; Child Development; Cues; Motivation; Children; Computer Games

Abstract:
The field of developmental psychology has produced abundant theory and research about the physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development of children; however, to date there has been limited use of this wealth of knowledge by developers creating games for children. This chapter provides an overview of key theoretical observations and research-based insight regarding children's development and outlines practical implications for their application to game design. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Psychological Patterns; Emotional Development; Social Theories; Developmental Stages; Mediation Theory; Social Psychology; Self Control; Semiotics

Abstract:
Starting with an overview of theoretical approaches to emotion from an activity-oriented stance, this article applies Vygotsky's three general principles of development, sign mediation, and internalization to the development of emotional expressions as a culturally evolved sign system. The possible twofold function of expression signs as a means of "interpersonal" regulation and "intrapersonal" regulation predestines them to be a mediator between sociocultural and psychological processes in the domain of emotions. The proposed internalization theory of emotional development transfers Vygotsky's theory of the development of speech and thinking to the development of expression and feeling. Three stages of emotional development are described and underpinned by empirical studies: (a) the emergence of enculturated expression signs and related emotions from precursor emotions of newborns in the interpersonal regulation between caregivers and children during early childhood, (b) the emergence of intrapersonal regulation of emotions out of their interpersonal regulation by using expression signs as internal mediators that starts from preschool age onward, and (c) the internalization of emotional expression signs and the emergence of a mental plane of emotional processing. (Contains 1 figure and 2 footnotes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Emotional Development; Interaction; Infants; Child Development; Cues; Nonverbal Communication; Social Development; Infant Behavior; Cultural Differences; Caregiver Child Relationship; Cultural Influences; Parent Attitudes; Parent Child Relationship

Abstract:
In this article we argue that current theories on socioemotional development during infancy need to be reconceptualized in order to account for cross-cultural variation in caregiver-infant interaction. In line with the cultural-historical internalization theory of emotional development (Holodynski & Friedlmeier, 2006) and the ecocultural model of development (Keller & Kartner, 2013), we argue that socioemotional development can be understood only in the context of social practice and underlying ethnotheories that give significance to infants' emotional expressions. Thus, culture-specific interpretations of and expectations concerning infants' expressive cues lead to culture-specific interactional routines. These, in turn, lead to culture-specific usage of these expressions by the developing child. To develop our argument, we focus on a specific aspect of early socioemotional development, namely, the emergence of social smiling during infancy. Interactional dynamics in autonomous cultural milieus are based on specific ethnotheories, most prominently that positive emotional exchange during face-to-face interaction is one of the most desirable ways of interacting with infants. However, the dominant ethnotheories concerning emotional development and their associated behavioral routines vary systematically across cultural milieus and are markedly different in prototypically relational cultural milieus, in which they center on infants' contentment. This has implications for infants' emotional expressivity and, possibly, experience. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Social Justice; Psychological Patterns; Sustainability; Activism; Emotional Development; Emotional Experience; Critical Thinking; Role Perception; Reflection; Transformative Learning; Educational Practices; Educational Environment; Consciousness Raising

Abstract:
This paper discusses the role of emotions in mobilizing implicit activisms--that is, small-scale, personal, and modest activisms--in schools. For this purpose, the discussion evokes the notion of critical emotional reflexivity to illuminate how creating spaces for critical reflection on emotions may contribute to making implicit activisms more visible, plausible, and perhaps sustainable in schools. Although an empirical example is used to show how critical emotional reflexivity can instigate implicit activisms in schools, this paper is meant as a conceptual, rather than empirical, contribution. In particular, it is argued that critical emotional reflexivity can serve both as a pedagogical approach and space that provide opportunities for teachers and students to engage in modest acts, words, and gestures toward social justice. Therefore, it is suggested that it is valuable to pay more attention to how critical emotional reflexivity may contribute to the initiation and sustainability of implicit activisms in schools. (Contains 2 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Behavior Disorders; Teachers; Elementary Education; Teaching Methods; Emotional Development; Emotional Problems; Foreign Countries; Child Development; Well Being; Questionnaires; Behavior Problems; Social Problems; Partnerships in Education; Semi Structured Interviews; Preschool Teachers; Interviews

Abstract:
Background: Emotional and behavioural disorders in early childhood are related to poorer academic attainment and school engagement, and difficulties already evident at the point of starting school can affect a child's later social and academic development. Successful transfer from pre-school settings to primary education is helped by communication between pre-school staff and primary school teachers. Typically, in Scotland, pre-school establishments prepare individual profiles of children before they start school around the age of five years, highlighting their strengths and development needs, for transfer to primary schools. There is, however, no consistent approach to the identification of potential social, emotional and behavioural problems. In 2010, in one local authority area in Scotland, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was introduced for children about to start school as a routine, structured, component of the transition process to help teachers plan support arrangements for classes and individual children. The SDQ assesses emotional, conduct, hyperactivity/ inattention and peer-relationship problems as well as pro-social behaviour. In order to be an effective means of communicating social and emotional functioning, the use of instruments such as the SDQ needs to be practicable. Finding out the views of pre-school education staff with experience of assessing children using the SDQ was, therefore, essential to establish its future utility. Aim: The purpose of this study was to explore the views of pre-school education staff about assessing social and emotional wellbeing of children at school entry using the SDQ. The objectives were to examine the opinions of pre-school workers about completing the SDQ and to elicit their thoughts on the value of doing this and their perceptions of the usefulness of the information collected. Method: Pre-school establishments were approached using a purposive sampling strategy in order to achieve a mix of local authority (n=14) and "partnership" establishments (n=8) as well as different socio-economic areas. Semi-structured interviews (n=25) were conducted with pre-school head teachers (n=14) and child development officers (n=11) in order to explore the process of completing the SDQ along with perceptions of its value. The interviews were transcribed "verbatim" and analysed thematically. Results: In general, staff in pre-school establishments viewed the use of the SDQ positively. It was seen as a chance to highlight the social and emotional development of children rather than just their academic or educational ability. Most felt that the SDQ had not identified anything they did not already know about a child. A minority, nevertheless, suggested that a previously unrecognised potential difficulty was brought to light, most commonly emotional problems. Completing the SDQ was felt to be relatively straightforward even though the staff felt under pressure from competing priorities. Concerns were, however, raised about the potential of labelling a child at an early stage of formal education. Conclusion: The findings from this small scale study suggest that, from the point of view of pre-school education staff, it is feasible to assess children systematically for social and behavioural problems as part of the routine transition process at school entry. (Contains 2 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Interpersonal Competence; Training; Preschool Education; Preschool Children; Disabilities; Intervention; Instructional Effectiveness; Educational Research; Social Development; Emotional Development; Social Behavior; Affective Behavior; Special Education

Abstract:
"Social skills training" is not a specific curriculum, but rather a collection of practices that use a behavioral approach for teaching preschool children age-appropriate social skills and competencies, including communication, problem solving, decision making, self-management, and peer relations. "Social skills training" can occur in both regular and special education classrooms. The What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) identified three studies of "social skills training" that both fall within the scope of the Early Childhood Education Interventions for Children with Disabilities topic area and meet WWC evidence standards. All three of these studies meet standards without reservations and together, they included 135 children with disabilities in early education settings in the United States. Although this report presents information about all three studies and their findings, the WWC's summary ratings of the evidence of effectiveness of the intervention are based on only two of the studies, that, together, included 103 children in their samples. The third study, which had a sample of 32 children, did not provide sufficient information to support calculation of effect sizes and statistical significance, which are used in determining the WWC's overall evidence ratings. The WWC considers the extent of evidence for "social skills training" on children with disabilities in early education settings to be small for two outcome domains--(a) cognition and (b) social-emotional development and behavior. "Social skills training" was found to have no discernible effects on cognition and positive effects on social-emotional development and behavior for children with disabilities in early education settings. Appended are: (1) Research details for Ferentino (1991); (2) Research details for Guglielmo and Tryon (2001); (3) Research details for LeBlanc and Matson (1995); (4) Outcome measures for each domain; (5) Findings included in the rating for the cognition domain; (6) Findings included in the rating for the social-emotional development and behavior domain; (7) Summary of subscale findings for the social-emotional development and behavior domain; (8) Summary of alternate contrasts for the cognition domain; and (9) Summary of alternate contrasts for the social-emotional development and behavior domain. A glossary is included. (Contains 7 tables and 12 endnotes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Counselor Role; Mental Health; Emotional Development; Mental Disorders; School Psychologists; Social Isolation; Disadvantaged Youth; At Risk Persons; Social Development; Socialization; Special Education; Educational Strategies

Abstract:
Students who are excluded from the daily life of schools are at risk for mental illness. This is especially true for children with disabilities as they are marginalized by assumptions and beliefs about what they "cannot" do at school as opposed to what they can do. This article presents research literature on belonging, inclusion, and social and emotional learning as a backdrop to the call to school psychologists to reinvent their roles. Although this call has been issued, the practice of assessment for special education placement remains one of the top job demands. Rather than categorizing and labelling, psychologists can be a key supporter of classroom teachers in promoting successful academic, social, and emotional strategies to assist teachers in inclusive classrooms. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Academic Achievement; Program Effectiveness; Emotional Development; Learning Strategies; Secondary Education; Secondary School Curriculum; Social Development; Social Cognition; Metacognition; Integrated Curriculum; Unified Studies Curriculum; Educational Policy; Social Change; Social Behavior; Essays; Interviews; Achievement Gains; Curriculum Implementation; Improvement Programs

Abstract:
When students are able to cope with, manage and maneuver the social and emotional landscapes of their lives, their ability to learn on all levels improves. Teaching Social / Emotional Learning (SEL), as a component of secondary education, not only increases academic performance, but prepares students to meet the challenges of lifelong learning in a changing global society. Currently, students are so busy passing tests that measure their capacity for logical, analytical and objective reasoning, it leaves little time for developing self-awareness, social awareness, and the ability to cope with ambiguous situations, to adapt, to learn how to learn and to manage stress. The purpose of this study is to determine how best to integrate social emotional learning into secondary curriculum to improve the overall learning environment. A literature review of established SEL programs consistently points to overall improvement in student behavior and learning. In addition, daily mindfulness sessions - a common component of SEL - incorporated into secondary education, consistently results in the decrease of violence and truancy rates while improving student relations, focus and academic performance. Based on these findings, the addition of SEL standards into secondary education and teacher credential programs is recommended. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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