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Descriptors:
Teaching Methods; Curriculum Design; Curriculum Development; Second Language Learning; Second Language Instruction; Foreign Countries; Course Descriptions; Outcomes of Education; Guidelines; Educational Trends; Instructional Design

Abstract:
The development and implementation of language teaching programs can be approached in several different ways, each of which has different implications for curriculum design. Three curriculum approaches are described and compared. Each differs with respect to when issues related to input, process, and outcomes, are addressed. Forward design starts with syllabus planning, moves to methodology, and is followed by assessment of learning outcomes. Resolving issues of syllabus content and sequencing are essential starting points with forward design, which has been the major tradition in language curriculum development. Central design begins with classroom processes and methodology. Issues of syllabus and learning outcomes are not specified in detail in advance and are addressed as the curriculum is implemented. Many of the "innovative methods" of the 1980s and 90s reflect central design. Backward design starts from a specification of learning outcomes and decisions on methodology and syllabus are developed from the learning outcomes. The Common European Framework of Reference is a recent example of backward design. Examples will be given to suggest how the distinction between forward, central and backward design can clarify the nature of issues and trends that have emerged in language teaching in recent years. (Contains 2 tables and 10 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Team Teaching; Science Teachers; Secondary School Science; Physics; Teacher Leadership; Power Structure; Interprofessional Relationship; Interaction; Semiotics; Faculty Development; Curriculum Development; Group Dynamics

Abstract:
This article interrogates the "soft power" of teacher teamwork by probing the ways in which authority conditions the appropriation of institutional motives through collective meaning making. The study analyzes the interaction of a teacher-leader and a science teacher team across two settings of professional development organized to promote curricular reform in their U.S. secondary school. The premise of the analysis draws on frameworks from cultural-historical theories, sociological perspectives, and social semiotics to view authority as the outcome of relations of power and control. The analysis reveals how the negotiation of legitimacy in interaction functions to open up or close down possibilities for acquiring motives appropriate to subject matter, teaching, and student learning in teachers' professional practice. The article makes a novel contribution to post-Vygotskian theoretical development in its presentation of authority as an attribute of the dialectical relationship of person and society in the production of institutionalized objects. (Contains 2 tables, 4 excerpts, and 5 footnotes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Curriculum Development; Educational Change; Curriculum Implementation; Teacher Educators; Elementary School Teachers; Teacher Attitudes; Teacher Education; Faculty Development; Cultural Context; Foreign Countries

Abstract:
This study examines: 1) how Korean elementary school teachers perceive recent curriculum reforms; 2) where their perceptions emanate from; and 3) what support teachers need in order to implement curriculum reforms actively and effectively. This study has shown that teachers generally harbour negative and unconstructive feelings about curriculum reform. These feelings negatively impact their involvement in and commitment to implementing reform. Several issues to be considered for teacher training and support evolved from our analysis of teachers' perceptions of the curriculum reform and the implementation: first, teachers are insufficiently provided with professional development programmes that support curriculum implementation; second, teachers lack opportunities to work through implementation problems and difficulties with peer teachers; and last, contextual and cultural constraints inhibit implementation of curriculum reform. Based upon these findings, this study makes several suggestions for teacher educators and curriculum policymakers. (Contains 1 table and 4 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Access to Computers; Educational Technology; Evidence; Secondary School Teachers; Curriculum Development; Foreign Countries; Geography Instruction; Geographic Information Systems; Information Technology; Online Surveys; Teacher Attitudes; Teacher Education; Computer Software

Abstract:
A number of studies suggest that integrating Geographical Information Systems (GIS) into Geography teaching in schools has been and is challenging, and it seems that much of the early promise for the technology supporting learning in Geography has not been realised. This paper examines the progress made in Northern Ireland in implementing GIS in secondary schools. The deployment of a centrally procured entry-level GIS, in the context of a programme of centralised provision of information and communication technology (ICT) services to all schools, is examined and the results of an online survey of 85 Geography teachers provides an insight into how effective that provision has been. This combination of a regional strategy on GIS, curriculum changes and increased access to computers seems to have ensured that GIS is being used in many Geography classrooms. There is evidence that a range of GI systems are being used in schools and in a number of different ways, but mostly for teacher rather than for pupil use at present. Teachers expressed a need for coordinated training in order to make full use of the hardware and software available. (Contains 2 tables, 2 figures, and 3 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Instructional Materials; Geography; Professional Development; Geography Instruction; Educational Needs; Skill Analysis; Skill Development; Academic Standards; Instructional Design; Instructional Development; Curriculum Development; Educational Strategies; Educational Technology; Partnerships in Education; Change Strategies; Educational Change

Abstract:
Never before in human history has it been more important for a person to be geographically literate. But the unsettling reality is that many teachers and most students are not yet geographically literate. Currently, American students are not even provided opportunities to learn enough geography to understand the very basic aspects of the world in which they live. Without explicit intervention and a dedicated focus on geographic literacy by educators, curriculum developers, and policymakers, U.S. children will be unable to thrive in the global marketplace, unlikely to connect with and care for their natural environment, and unsure about how to relate to people from other parts of the world. One thing is abundantly clear; if American children hope to participate in democracy and play a strong leadership role in the world, they must possess geographic knowledge, understandings, and skills. The Instructional Materials and Professional Development Committee of the Road Map project gathered to identify the needs for geography education in this twenty-first century. These needs span every grade level in the nation's formal and informal education systems in public and private education. These needs extend beyond the stand-alone geography course and exist in science, technology, mathematics, social studies, arts, and English language arts courses as well. These needs can and should be addressed through carefully designed and properly implemented instructional materials and professional development. This article provides ten important recommendations for educators, developers, policymakers, and funders to seriously consider in supporting student learning, teacher learning, and large-scale collaboration and change in the field of geography education through instructional materials and professional development. Each recommendation is presented in the full report with a core argument and supporting research, vignettes of each recommendation in practice, examples of alignment with Common Core State Standards, additional information about recommended strategies or principles, and recommended readings. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Instructional Materials; Geography; Elementary Secondary Education; Geography Instruction; Educational Strategies; Change Strategies; Educational Planning; Partnerships in Education; Educational Improvement; Improvement Programs; Educational Needs; Needs Assessment; Instructional Development; Research Reports; Integrated Curriculum; Behavioral Objectives; Educational Objectives; Curriculum Development; Academic Standards

Abstract:
The National Geographic Society, the Association of American Geographers, the American Geographical Society, and the National Council for Geographic Education partnered to outline a "road map" for long-term strategies to improve K-12 geography education. The partner organizations assembled three committees to create synthesis reports, each of which examined and made recommendations for an area of geography education that is critical to improvement. These areas include education research, assessment, and instructional materials and professional development. The recommendations for each report revolve around advancing a common goal; presenting an approach to geography education that balances "knowing geography" with "doing geography." Articles summarizing two of these reports (Schell et al. this issue; Wertheim et al. this issue) are included in this issue of "The Geography Teacher." This short overview is designed to provide background for those two articles. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Educational Policy; Teaching Methods; Curriculum Development; Foreign Countries; Educational Change; Early Childhood Education; Cognitive Development; Young Children

Abstract:
This article provides an overview of the Australian Federal Government initiatives in the area of early childhood with regard to the provision of early childhood education and care. These changes have influenced a Western Australian university to develop an innovative birth to 8 years preservice educator education curriculum. Using an ecological approach, this preservice curriculum reform is designed to address the growing need for teachers who recognize the importance of a child's physical, emotional, and cognitive development from birth to 8 years as significant in preparing young children for entry into "formal learning." (Contains 1 table.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Foreign Countries; Elementary School Mathematics; Grade 1; Grade 4; Grade 7; Capacity Building; Program Descriptions; Culturally Relevant Education; Units of Study; Teacher Education; Graduate Study; Curriculum Development; Teacher Role; Elementary School Teachers; Mathematics Curriculum; Mathematics Instruction; Mathematics Teachers; Pacific Islanders

Abstract:
The first goal of this Project is the development of elementary school mathematics curricula sensitive to indigenous mathematical thought and experience. A necessary prerequisite for the achievement of this goal is to recapture and honor the mathematics developed and practiced in the Micronesian communities. This is the Project's second goal. The third goal of the project is to build local capacity by offering advanced degree opportunities to the indigenous mathematics educators who transform what they find in their local cultural practices into grades 1, 4, and 7 mathematics curriculum units. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Undergraduate Study; Bachelors Degrees; Educational Innovation; Sustainability; Science Education; College Science; Curriculum Development; Interdisciplinary Approach

Abstract:
We explain the process used at Kean University (New Jersey) to create an innovative undergraduate degree program in sustainability science. This interdisciplinary program provides students with the strong science background necessary to understand and address the opportunities associated with sustainability. We articulate seven steps taken during the first year of developing the major and three additional steps that explain its evolution. Sustainability is the primary focus of each course within the curriculum. By sharing our experiences, other institutions may be encouraged or assisted in developing a similar program. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Testing; Objective Tests; Social Studies; Standardized Tests; Curriculum Development; School Administration

Abstract:
The American Historical Association's (AHA's) Commission on the Social Studies was a compilation of prominent scholars who, from 1929 to 1934, investigated social studies education in American public schools in order to provide some cohesive recommendations for teachers. The AHA Commission had a controversial ending, with one of its members, University of Iowa curriculum professor, Ernest Horn, leading a protest against the Commission's final summary volume. This historical inquiry unveils that the cause of controversy revolved around the use of objective testing (now known as standardised testing) in the social studies curriculum, resulting in two duelling camps within the Commission: those who were against the use of objective testing and those who promoted its use. The Commission, therefore, became the battleground for one of the first debates on the role of standardised testing in the school curriculum. (Contains 2 figures and 100 footnotes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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