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Descriptors:
Foreign Countries; Asian Culture; Mental Disorders; Cultural Influences; Anxiety; Intimacy; Social Isolation; Self Concept; Psychophysiology; Psychotherapy; Non Western Civilization; Western Civilization; Classification; Psychological Patterns; Human Body; Olfactory Perception; Academic Achievement; Adolescents; Context Effect; Attachment Behavior

Abstract:
First conceptualized in the 1960s, the term culture-bound disorders refers to a classification of mental disorders or syndromes that are considered specific or closely related to cultural factors and or particular ethnocultural groups. In Japan, two culture-bound disorders, "taijin kyofusho" and "hikikomori," have seized the interest of researchers and professionals due to their prevalence in Japanese society. The first disorder, "taijin kyofusho," is a culture-bound social anxiety disorder that has been documented in Japan since the 1930s. It is characterized by the experience of anxiety in, and often avoidance of, social and interpersonal situations for fear of offending others through blushing, eye-to-eye contact, body deformity, and/or emitting body odor. The second disorder, "hikikomori," has only emerged in the last 30 years, but afflicts a substantial portion of the Japanese population. It is clinically distinguished by symptoms of social withdrawal, self-confinement in one's home, no intimate relationships with family members, and the absence of engagement in social activities. Because the symptomatology of both disorders closely resemble several of the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" ("DSM-IV-TR," American Psychiatric Association, 2000) diagnoses, research on the prevalence and culture-bound specificity of the disorders are investigated, as well as the efficacy of pharmacotherapy, individual and group psychotherapy, and psychosocial rehabilitation treatments. Finally, drawing upon research describing the relationship between mental illness and shame, and shame's inextricable relationship to Japanese history and culture, it is proposed that "taijin kyofusho" and "hikikomori" are sequelae of shame in Japanese society. (Contains 1 table.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Stimuli; Cues; Learning Processes; Prediction; Context Effect; Training; Performance

Abstract:
Extinction is generally more context specific than acquisition, as illustrated by the renewal effect. While most strategies to counteract renewal focus on decreasing the context specificity of extinction, the present work aimed at increasing the context specificity of acquisition learning. Two experiments examined whether presenting cued reacquisition trials during extinction weaken renewal in human predictive learning. After acquisition in one context (AX) and extinction in another context (B), participants were given tests for renewal in a subset of the acquisition context (A) and the original acquisition context (AX). In Experiment 1, presentation of reacquisition trials during extinction, featured by a contextual cue from acquisition (X), weakened overall recovered responding in Context A but not in Context AX. In Experiment 2, we replicated our findings, but this time reacquisition training weakened renewed responding in Context A but not in Context AX. Most importantly, reacquisition training with a novel contextual cue (Y) did not weaken renewal (in A), suggesting that backward blocking effects increased the contextual control over acquisition performance. (Contains 1 table and 2 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Educational Change; Grammar; Models; Language Usage; Pragmatics; Language Research; Language Classification; Discourse Analysis; Context Effect

Abstract:
The Functional Discourse Grammar model has a twofold objective: on the one hand, to provide a descriptively, psychologically and pragmatically adequate account of the forms made available by a typologically diverse range of languages; and on the other, to provide a model of language which is set up to reflect, at one remove, certain of the stages the analyst assumes the speaker would go through in producing such forms, in terms of the types of discourse acts that may be performed in so doing. The article argues that these goals do not sit easily the one with the other. In practice, the whole emphasis of the levels, components and modules provided by the grammar is designed to achieve only the first of the two objectives. The Contextual component is restricted to representing only those aspects of the context of a given utterance which have a systematic influence on the form of that utterance. So in practice, the analytic approximation to the speaker's performance of discourse act types is far removed from the complexity of the contextual factors which impinge on his or her actual utterance acts in some specific context. The problem is compounded by the lack of any systematic differentiation between considerations relating to the language system, and those having to do with the use of that system in some context. The need to provide for such a distinction is motivated here by a consideration of various types of indexical reference (specifically, "anadeixis" and anaphora) within a discourse. Here an important distinction is made between the nature of the indexical referring procedure being applied, and the particular expression types being used to carry it out. "In fine", the article argues that it is only by attempting to subsume the grammatical apparatus of the modular FDG system within a model of the wider utterance context in which it may be used by a speaker, that the problems raised earlier may be satisfactorily resolved. (Contains 2 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Self Efficacy; Measures (Individuals); Principals; Job Satisfaction; Foreign Countries; Work Attitudes; Personal Autonomy; Administrator Attitudes; Correlation; Questionnaires; Internet; Context Effect; School Districts; Program Evaluation

Abstract:
The purpose of the present study was to explore relations between principals' self-efficacy, perceived job autonomy, job satisfaction, and perceived contextual constraints to autonomy. Principal self-efficacy was measured by a multidimensional scale called the Norwegian Principal Self-Efficacy Scale. Job autonomy, job satisfaction, and contextual constraints to autonomy were measured by three scales developed for the purpose of this study. Perceived contextual constraints to autonomy were comprised of financial and administrative constraints, employee participation, municipal authority, and national evaluation programs. Participants in the study were 1,818 principals from the population of Norwegian principals. Data were collected by means of an electronic questionnaire. A theoretical model was tested by means of SEM analysis for latent variables using the AMOS 18 program. The model had acceptable fit to data. The results revealed a positive relation between principal self-efficacy and perceived job autonomy. Principal self-efficacy and perceived job autonomy were positively related to job satisfaction and negatively related to contextual constraints. Contextual constraints to autonomy were negatively related to job satisfaction. The present study highlights important relations between principals' self-efficacy, perceived job autonomy, job satisfaction, and contextual constraints to autonomy. The results of the study are discussed together with limitations and suggestions for further research. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Foreign Countries; Physician Patient Relationship; Interpersonal Communication; Individual Characteristics; Asian Culture; Social Distance; Interpersonal Relationship; Context Effect; Medical Education; Grounded Theory; Clinics; Internal Medicine; Interviews

Abstract:
Studies of doctor-patient communication generally advocate a partnership communication style. However, in Southeast Asian settings, we often see a more one-way style with little input from the patient. We investigated factors underlying the use of a one-way consultation style by doctors in a Southeast Asian setting. We conducted a qualitative study based on principles of grounded theory. Twenty residents and specialists and 20 patients of a low or high educational level were interviewed in internal medicine outpatient clinics of an Indonesian teaching hospital and two affiliated hospitals. During 26 weeks we engaged in an iterative interview and coding process to identify emergent factors. Patients were generally dissatisfied with doctors' communication style. The doctors indicated that they did not deliberately use a one-way style. Communication style appeared to be associated with characteristics of Southeast Asian culture, the health care setting and medical education. Doctor-patient communication appeared to be affected by cultural characteristics which fell into two broad categories representing key features of Southeast Asian culture, "social distance" and "closeness of relationships", and to characteristics categorized as "specific clinical context". Consideration of these characteristics could be helpful in promoting the use of a partnership communication style. (Contains 2 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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School Location; Adolescents; School Size; High School Students; Futures (of Society); Longitudinal Studies; Correlation; Socioeconomic Status; Behavior Problems; Educational Environment; Psychological Patterns; Context Effect; Academic Achievement

Abstract:
The association between future orientation and problem behaviors has received extensive empirical attention; however, previous work has not considered school contextual influences on this link. Using a sample of N = 9,163 9th to 12th graders (51.0% females) from N = 85 high schools of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, the present study examined the independent and interactive effects of adolescent future orientation and school contexts (school size, school location, school SES, school future orientation climate) on problem behaviors. Results provided evidence that adolescent future orientation was associated independently and negatively with problem behaviors. In addition, adolescents from large-size schools reported higher levels of problem behaviors than their age mates from small-size schools, controlling for individual-level covariates. Furthermore, an interaction effect between adolescent future orientation and school future orientation climate was found, suggesting influences of school future orientation climate on the link between adolescent future orientation and problem behaviors as well as variations in effects of school future orientation climate across different levels of adolescent future orientation. Specifically, the negative association between adolescent future orientation and problem behaviors was stronger at schools with a more positive climate of future orientation, whereas school future orientation climate had a significant and unexpectedly positive relationship with problem behaviors for adolescents with low levels of future orientation. Findings implicate the importance of comparing how the future orientation-problem behaviors link varies across different ecological contexts and the need to understand influences of school climate on problem behaviors in light of differences in psychological processes among adolescents. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Foreign Countries; Theological Education; Self Concept; Nonverbal Communication; Mandarin Chinese; English (Second Language); Second Language Instruction; Interpersonal Relationship; Context Effect; Figurative Language; Reflection; Classroom Environment; Teacher Student Relationship

Abstract:
This article elucidates theoretical underpinnings for the use of one's self in the pastoral theological classroom. The contemplative bow is developed as a capacious metaphor to describe appropriate self use and its necessary importance in the teaching and learning of pastoral arts in a theological curriculum. Central to the argument is the assumption that effective teaching and learning in pastoral care emerges from awareness and knowledge of self as well as letting go of self in beneficial service with others. Analytical engagement of educational, theological, and psychological theory informs practice for the professional school classroom. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Educational Policy; Foreign Countries; Professional Recognition; Learning Theories; Communities of Practice; Focus Groups; Employment Qualifications; Interviews; Mail Surveys; Questionnaires; Context Effect; Labor Force; Educational Change; Child Care; Teacher Attitudes

Abstract:
This article reports on the views of early years practitioners in England from settings that were identified as "reluctant to engage" with one of the government's key policies, the introduction of Early Years Professional Status (EYPS), to drive forwards workforce reform. Focus groups, interviews and a survey were undertaken in 2009 with 35 respondents in 15 early years settings. The article uses concepts from Wenger's situated theory of learning (1998) to locate the policy and practitioners' views of its implications in its socio-historical context with regard to early years professionalisation. The findings are considered against a conceptual framework for successful workforce reform to suggest how, by addressing areas of perceived "restrictive" practice, the move to increase status and professional qualifications in early years may become more inclusive of the current workforce. (Contains 2 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Parent Child Relationship; Foreign Countries; Educational Needs; Facilitators (Individuals); Context Effect; Preschool Teachers; Preschool Children; Parents; Semi Structured Interviews; Focus Groups; Economically Disadvantaged; Social Support Groups; Early Childhood Education; Program Effectiveness

Abstract:
Supported playgroups are a service model used widely in Australia with the dual focus of providing stimulating early childhood environments for children and supportive environments for parents. This article describes research findings from a recent doctoral study that explored three supported playgroups in western Sydney. In particular it focuses on the multi-dimensional and complex facilitation role in these groups. It shows how the creation of inclusive and engaging playgroup environments was inextricably tied to eight categories of support that a diverse range of parents experienced. The research findings demonstrate how effective facilitation in these groups led to parents experiencing increased emotional support, decreased feelings of isolation and inequality and increased confidence in parenting. It also draws attention to the training needs of early childhood professionals who undertake the complex role of facilitation in groups that work with parents and children together. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Evidence; Boards of Education; School Districts; Group Dynamics; Board of Education Policy; Formative Evaluation; Meetings; Policy Formation; Inferences; Decision Making; Governance; Advocacy; Research Utilization; Audience Participation; Context Effect; Local Issues; Conferences (Gatherings)

Abstract:
This article analyzes the use of research evidence in school-board deliberations in three school districts in Wisconsin. In these settings, the circulation, meaning, and function of research depended importantly on the interests and backgrounds of advocates, the composition of audiences, and the values and contexts of decision-making. Board members and other meeting participants sought direct connections between research evidence and local district concerns. Their use of research gainsays linear models of policymaking, demonstrating that research carries different meanings in different situations and that research may not resolve value differences that inform policy disputes. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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