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Pub Date: |
2013-02-00 |
Pub Type(s): |
Journal Articles; Reports - Research |
Peer Reviewed: |
Yes |
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Descriptors:
Foreign Countries; Telephone Surveys; Smoking; Disadvantaged; Administrator Attitudes; Employee Attitudes; Program Design; Health Promotion; Prevention; Public Health; Community Health Services; Statistical Analysis; Community Surveys; Community Services; Social Services; Nongovernmental Organizations; Policy
Abstract:
Research in the United States and Australia acknowledges the potential of non-government social and community service organizations (SCSOs) for reaching socially disadvantaged smokers. This study aimed to describe SCSO smoking policies and practices, and attitudes of senior staff towards smoking and cessation. It also investigated factors associated with positive tobacco control attitudes. In 2009, a cross-sectional telephone survey was undertaken of senior staff in Australian SCSOs, 149 respondents representing 93 organizations completed the survey (response rate = 65%; 93/142). Most service clients (60%) remained in programs for 6 months plus, and 77% attended at least weekly. Although 93% of respondents indicated they had an organizational smoking policy, it often did not include the provision of smoking cessation support. Most respondents indicated that client smoking status was not recorded on case notes (78%). Attitudes were mostly positive towards tobacco control in SCSOs, with a mean (standard deviation) score of 8.3 (2.9) of a possible 13. The practice of assessing clients' interest in quitting was the only statistically significant factor associated with high tobacco control attitude scores. The results suggest that SCSOs are appropriate settings for reaching socially disadvantaged smokers with cessation support. Although generally receptive to tobacco control, organizations require further support to integrate smoking cessation support into usual care. In particular, education, training and support for staff to enable them to help their clients quit smoking is important. (Contains 1 figure and 4 tables.)
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Pub Date: |
2012-07-00 |
Pub Type(s): |
Journal Articles; Reports - Evaluative |
Peer Reviewed: |
Yes |
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Descriptors:
Foreign Countries; Compulsory Education; Disabilities; Community Surveys; Family Structure; Rural Areas; Compliance (Legal); School Law; Trend Analysis; Educational Trends; Access to Education; Dropouts; Enrollment Rate; Family Environment; Social Services; Educational Environment; Educational Development; Educational Policy; School Attendance Legislation; Dropout Characteristics; Dropout Rate; Dropout Research; Attendance
Abstract:
The South Africa Schools Act requires every child to "attend school from the first school day of the year in which such learner reaches the age of seven years until the last day of the year in which such learner reaches the age of 15 years or the ninth grade, whichever comes first" (Republic of South Africa, 1996). This paper addresses three questions in relation to this. First, to what extent has this legal requirement been met? Second, what are the trends in relation to achieving universal access to compulsory education? And third, what are the factors related to and characteristics of those learners of compulsory school age who are not attending? To address these questions, we have made use of the Statistics South Africa dataset, Community Survey 2007. Our analysis suggests that the size of the compulsory age population who are not attending school may be slightly higher than some government sources have suggested. The trend associated with access remains consistent, with the only major change over the past 10 years being the improved levels of enrolment of six and seven year old children. With regard to the factors related to and the characteristics of children who are not attending school, our analysis reveals that certain sub-populations have higher non-attendance ratios: coloured boys; children whose parents, particularly mothers, have died; children born outside South Africa; children who have moved in the past five years; children with disabilities; and children living in some specific rural communities. A number of broad but interrelated factors may account for children not being in school: disability; family structure; children living in households that are eligible for social grants but are not receiving them; and geographic and racial characteristics. To be poor in South Africa may mean exclusion from the mainstream of the economy, but it does not necessarily mean exclusion from access to basic state services like enrolment in schooling or social grants. Children not attending are not only likely to be living in households that are excluded from participation in the mainstream economy, but are also on the fringes of state services; they may also be on the fringes of households. The paper concludes with recommendations for further research to identify reasons why children in these vulnerable sub-populations are less likely to be enrolled. (Contains 1 figure and 10 tables.)
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Pub Date: |
2012-10-00 |
Pub Type(s): |
Reports - Evaluative |
Peer Reviewed: |
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Descriptors:
Community Surveys; Grandparents; Social Indicators; Grandchildren; State Surveys; Grandparents Raising Grandchildren; Family Structure; Trend Analysis; Child Rearing; Poverty; Age Differences; Limited English Speaking
Abstract:
In recent years, increasing numbers of grandparents in the U.S. are living with their grandchildren, and many grandparents are responsible for their care. These trends can be attributed to a number of factors, including increasing numbers of single-parent families, continued high rates of marriage dissolution, parents' incarceration, parental substance abuse, and difficult economic circumstances. In addition, situations that have long accounted for some care by grandparents are parents' death or serious disability, parental abuse or neglect, and family/cultural preference. This brief examines recent trends, national and for each state, associated with grandparents who live with grandchildren, based on data from the American Community Survey. (Contains 3 endnotes.)
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Pub Date: |
2012-10-00 |
Pub Type(s): |
Reports - Research |
Peer Reviewed: |
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Descriptors:
Disabilities; Health Insurance; Children; Community Surveys; Physical Disabilities; Mental Retardation; Socioeconomic Status; Social Services; Incidence; Access to Health Care; Poverty; State Surveys; At Risk Persons
Abstract:
Children with physical or mental disabilities are a very diverse group, and many face challenges. This research brief presents data for the U.S. and all states on the number and percentage of children (ages birth through 17) who were identified as having at least one disability by the responsible adult in the household responding to the American Community Survey. During 2008-2010, there were 2.9 million U.S. children with one or more disabilities. These comprised four percent (one in every 25) of all non-institutionalized children, ages birth to 17. Nearly one in three disabled children (31 percent) were living in poverty (compared with 20 percent of all children). Most children with disabilities (94 percent) were covered by health insurance; more than half (58 percent) were covered by public insurance programs. By state, the proportion of children with a disability varies from as high as six percent (in Arkansas, Maine, and Vermont), to as low as three percent (in Colorado, Hawaii, Illinois, Nevada, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Utah). (Contains 3 footnotes.)
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Pub Date: |
2012-10-00 |
Pub Type(s): |
Reports - Evaluative |
Peer Reviewed: |
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Descriptors:
Community Surveys; Grandparents; Social Indicators; Grandchildren; State Surveys; Grandparents Raising Grandchildren; Family Structure; Trend Analysis; Child Rearing
Abstract:
Increasing numbers of children in the U.S. are living with their grandparents, many of whom are responsible for their grandchildren's care. In fact, the number of children living in a grandparent's household rose from 4.6 million in 2005-07, to 5.2 million in 2008-10. Grandparents may be called upon, often with little preparation, to provide primary care for their grandchildren in the face of family crisis. These circumstances can be stressful, not only for children, but for their grandparents, who often need to make major adjustments (social, psychological, and financial) in their lives to step into a role they had not planned for, and for which they may be poorly prepared. Grandparental care can be rewarding in many ways for both children and their grandparents. Grandparents can bring economic resources, the wisdom of their years, and a sense of continuity and stability that benefit children. This brief examines recent trends, national and for each state, related to children who reside in their grandparents' household, based on data from the American Community Survey. (Contains 4 endnotes.)
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Pub Date: |
2012-11-00 |
Pub Type(s): |
Reports - Descriptive |
Peer Reviewed: |
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Descriptors:
Enrollment; Taxes; Public Schools; Income; Community Surveys; Private Schools; Expenditure per Student; Tax Rates; Federal Government; School Districts
Abstract:
Approximately 10 percent of school-age children in the United States are enrolled in private schools, relieving the financial burden on public school systems, and the taxpayers who support them, of the cost of their education. At present, the tax code does not allow families who provide this financial relief an income tax deduction, even though such relief is a gift to governments for exclusively public purposes and thus analogous to a charitable donation. Using the Public Use Microdata Sample of the American Community Survey and the NBER Internet Taxsim calculator, this paper estimates that granting families who enroll their children in private schools an income tax deduction equal to the per-pupil expenditures in their public school district would cost the federal government an average of $7.75 billion per year over the 2006-2010 period. This amount is less than one percent of federal income tax revenues. Because private school enrollment, public school expenditures, the likelihood of itemization, and marginal tax rates increase with taxpayer income, the dollar benefits of this change are positively related to income. At the margin, high-income taxpayers would receive about 35 cents in federal and state tax relief for each dollar of per-pupil expenditures foregone.
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