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Descriptors:
Physical Activity Level; Physical Activities; Intervention; Playgrounds; Measurement Equipment; Play; Preschool Children; Child Health; Exercise; Life Style; Health Promotion

Abstract:
The impact of additional structured outdoor playtime on preschoolers'; physical activity (PA) level is unclear. The purpose of this pilot study was to explore the effects of increasing structured outdoor playtime on preschoolers'; PA levels. Eight full-day classrooms (n = 134 children) from two preschool programmes were randomised into a treatment (STRUCT, n = 4) or control (CON, n = 4) condition. Both groups received an additional 30 minutes of outdoor playtime three days per week for four weeks. The STRUCT intervention consisted of previously tested structured outdoor playtime activities/games. The CON intervention consisted of free outdoor playtime. Children were individually recruited (n = 75) for the objective assessment of PA levels. The PA levels of 67 children (age, 4.1 [plus or minus] 0.8 years; STRUCT, n = 38; CON, n = 29) were assessed at baseline and during week four for seven consecutive days using Actigraph accelerometers. Data were analysed using mixed-model analysis of variance. Time spent in vigorous PA significantly increased during the 30-minute intervention time for the STRUCT group compared with the CON group (group x time interaction: F(1, 36) = 4.91, p = 0.04). Compared with baseline, a significant increase was observed in the STRUCT group's time spent engaged in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) during the intervention time, but this increase was not significant compared with the CON group (baseline: STRUCT, 1.7 [plus or minus] 2.0 min; CON, 1.9 [plus or minus] 2.4 min; week four: STRUCT, 4.9 [plus or minus] 3.1 min; CON, 3.3 [plus or minus] 2.5 min). Compared with the CON group, the STRUCT group spent a significantly greater percentage of time engaged in MVPA and a significantly lower percentage of time engaged in sedentary activity during the preschool day. In conclusion, this study provides preliminary evidence that increasing preschoolers'; exposure to structured activities during outdoor playtime could lead to improvements in their PA levels. The present intervention could be used to help preschoolers meet the recommended levels of PA. (Contains 2 tables and 1 note.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Behavior Modification; Child Abuse; Mental Disorders; Emotional Disturbances; Child Health; Obesity; Diabetes; Psychological Studies; Outcomes of Treatment; Cost Effectiveness

Abstract:
Multisystemic therapy (MST) is effective for decreasing or preventing delinquency and other externalizing behaviors and increasing prosocial or adaptive behaviors. The purpose of this project was to review the literature examining the efficacy of MST for other child psychological and health problems reflecting non-externalizing behaviors, specifically difficulties related to child maltreatment, serious psychiatric illness [Serious psychiatric illness was defined throughout the current review paper as the "presence of symptoms of suicidal ideation, homicidal ideation, psychosis, or threat of harm to self or others due to mental illness severe enough to warrant psychiatric hospitalization based on the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Level of care placement criteria for psychiatric illness. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Washington, DC, 1996) level of care placement criteria for psychiatric illness" (Henggeler et al. in "J Am Acad Child Psy" 38:1331-1345, p. 1332, 1999b). Additionally, youth with "serious emotional disturbance (SED)" defined as internalizing and/or externalizing problems severe enough to qualify for mental health services in public school who were "currently in or at imminent risk of a costly out-of-home placement" (Rowland et al. in "J Emot Behav Disord" 13:13-23, pp. 13-14, 2005) were also included in the serious psychiatric illness category.], and health problems (i.e., obesity and treatment adherence for diabetes). PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO databases; Clinicaltrials.gov; DARE; Web of Knowledge; and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched; and MST developers were queried to ensure identification of all relevant articles. Of 242 studies identified, 18 met inclusion criteria for review. These were combined in a narrative synthesis and critiqued in the context of review questions. Study quality ratings were all above mean scores reported in prior reviews. Mixed support was found for the efficacy of MST versus other treatments. In many cases, treatment effects for MST or comparison groups were not sustained over time. MST was efficacious for youth with diverse backgrounds. No studies discussed efficacy of MST provided in different treatment settings. Four studies found MST more cost-effective than a comparison treatment, leading to fewer out-of-home placements for youth with serious psychiatric illness or lower treatment costs for youth with poorly controlled diabetes. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Identification; Child Abuse; Risk; Foreign Countries; Gender Differences; Siblings; Child Health; Sexual Abuse; Urban Areas; Correlation; Incidence; Surveys; Prediction; Mothers; Age; Birth; Poverty; Mental Disorders; Prevention; Young Adults

Abstract:
Objectives: Exposure to child maltreatment is associated with physical, emotional, and social impairment, yet in Canada there is a paucity of community-based information about the extent of this problem and its determinants. We examined the prevalence of child physical and sexual abuse and the associations of child abuse with early contextual, family, and individual factors using a community-based sample in Ontario. Methods: The Ontario Child Health Study is a province-wide health survey of children aged 4 through 16 years. Conducted in 1983, a second wave was undertaken in 1987 and a third in 2000-2001. The third wave (N = 1,928) included questions about exposure to physical and sexual abuse in childhood. Results: Males reported significantly more child physical abuse (33.7%), but not severe physical abuse (21.5%), than females (28.2% and 18.3%, respectively). Females reported significantly more child sexual abuse (22.1%) than males (8.3%). Growing up in an urban area, young maternal age at the time of the first child's birth, and living in poverty, predicted child physical abuse (and the severe category), and sexual abuse. Childhood psychiatric disorder was associated with child physical abuse (and the severe category), while parental adversity was associated with child sexual abuse and severe physical abuse. Siblings of those who experienced either physical abuse or sexual abuse in childhood were at increased risk for the same abuse exposure; the risk was highest for physical abuse. Conclusions: These findings highlight important similarities and differences in risk factors for physical and sexual abuse in childhood. Such information is useful in considering approaches to prevention and early detection of child maltreatment. Clinicians who identify physical abuse or sexual abuse in children should be alert to the need to assess whether siblings have experienced similar exposures. This has important implications for assessment of other children in the home at the time of identification with the overall goal of reducing further occurrence of abuse. (Contains 4 tables and 1 figure.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Foreign Countries; Human Capital; Educational Attainment; Outcomes of Education; Cost Effectiveness; Education Work Relationship; Health; Child Health; Spouses; Infant Mortality; Mortality Rate; Birth Rate; Parent Background; Cognitive Development; Psychological Patterns; Efficiency; Work Environment; Lifelong Learning; Citizen Participation; Civil Rights; Politics; Poverty; Crime; Conservation (Environment)

Abstract:
This paper estimates the effects of human capital skills largely created through education on life's chances over the life cycle. Qualifications as a measure of these skills affect earnings, and schooling affects private and social non-market benefits beyond earnings. Private non-market benefits include better own-health, child health, spousal health, infant mortality, longevity, fertility, household efficiency, asset management and happiness. Social benefits include increased democratisation, civil rights, political stability, reduced crime, lower prison, health and welfare costs, and new ideas. Individual benefits enhance community-wide development. New "narrow" social rates of return using UK Labour Force earnings correct for institutional costs, longitudinal trends and ability. The paper's objective, however, is to estimate these earnings plus non-market outcomes comprehensively without overlaps and also relative to costs. Non-market outcomes are measured by averaging regression coefficients from published studies that meet scientific standards. New UK "narrow" social rates of return average 12.1 per cent for short-cycle and 13.6 per cent for bachelor's programmes. Augmented with non-market effects on life chances, they are over twice that. Short degrees are found effective for regional development and have potential for developing countries. (Contains 2 figures, 3 tables, and 9 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Academic Achievement; Achievement Tests; Elementary School Students; Numeracy; Foreign Countries; Child Health; Lighting; Educational History; Socioeconomic Status; Literacy; Developing Nations; Educational Attainment; Low Achievement; Nutrition; Attendance; Childrens Literature; Family Environment; Educational Policy

Abstract:
One of the eight Millennium Development Goals is that all children in developing countries should complete primary education. Much progress has been made toward this goal, but completing primary school does not ensure that students attain basic literacy and numeracy skills. Indeed, there is ample evidence that many children in developing countries are not learning these basic skills. This raises the question: What can schools and communities do to increase the learning that takes place in schools? Sri Lanka exemplifies these issues. It has achieved universal primary completion, but many Sri Lankan primary school students perform poorly on academic tests. This paper uses unusually rich data from Sri Lanka to investigate the determinants of academic performance, as measured by achievement tests, of Grade 4 students. At the child and household level, educated parents, better nutrition, high daily attendance, enrollment in private tutoring classes, exercise books, electric lighting, and children's books at home all appear to increase learning, while hearing problems have a strong negative effect. Among school variables, principals' and teachers' years of experience, collaborating with other schools in a "school family," and meetings between parents and teachers all appear to have positive impacts on students' scores. Estimates that exclude some of the variables available in the unusually rich data yield different results, which suggests that results based on less complete data are likely to suffer from omitted variable bias. A final section provides recommendations for education policies in Sri Lanka. (Contains 10 tables and 21 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Intervention; Depression (Psychology); Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; Foreign Countries; Grief; Focus Groups; Violence; Questionnaires; Psychological Patterns; Emotional Response; Program Effectiveness; Symptoms (Individual Disorders); Child Health; Cognitive Restructuring; Behavior Modification; War; At Risk Persons; Coping; Children; Adolescents

Abstract:
The current study aimed to assess the Teaching Recovery Techniques (TRT) trauma recovery program within the context of ongoing violence. Utilizing a randomized controlled trial, 11-14-year-old students in Nablus, Palestine, were allocated by class to intervention or wait-list control conditions. Standardized measures assessed trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), grief, and depression. Program fidelity and participant experiences were measured by adherence questionnaires and focus groups. Analyses involved paired t-tests, ANCOVAs, and thematic analysis. Intervention students reported significant decreases in PTSD, grief, and depression. Findings indicate that the TRT program has the potential to ameliorate children's trauma symptoms during situations of ongoing violence. (Contains 2 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Foreign Countries; Behavior Change; Qualitative Research; Mothers; Children; Pollution; Smoking; Intervention; Outcome Measures; Barriers; Family Environment; Health Promotion; Health Behavior; Public Health; Child Health; Parent Attitudes; Program Effectiveness; Comparative Analysis; Statistical Analysis; Case Studies

Abstract:
This article explores mothers' narratives of changing home smoking behaviours after participating in an intervention (Reducing Families' Exposure to Smoking in the Home [REFRESH]) aimed at reducing families' exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) in homes in Scotland. An analysis of qualitative findings illuminates quantitative changes in levels of SHS exposure. Prospective quantitative and qualitative data were drawn from 21 smoking mothers with at least one child under 6 years. Quantitative change was measured by home air quality, i.e. fine particulate matter less than 2.5 micrograms (PM[subscript 2.5]). These measurements guided the organization of mothers into categories of change (smoke-free home at baseline [SFB], smoke-free home at final, some change and no change [NC]). Qualitative data from 17 mothers with non-SFB were analysed thematically within and across these categories. Three comparative case studies illustrate the varying changes made, barriers to change and how mothers valued such changes. The outcomes varied post-intervention, with homes smoke-free, partially smoke-free or making NC. The changes in home smoking behaviour were incremental, yet beneficial to reducing SHS exposure, and related to the nature of the restrictions and personal circumstances in the home pre-intervention. Across all change categories, mothers valued the changes they had made and expressed an intention to increase the changes. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Outcomes of Treatment; Child Health; Community Health Services; Smoking; Intervention; Diseases; Child Caregivers; Interviews; Formative Evaluation; Urban Youth; Program Implementation; Program Effectiveness; Program Evaluation; Counseling; Counseling Effectiveness; Motivation Techniques; Fidelity; Nurses; Health Promotion; Prevention; Health Behavior; Health Education; Public Health; Elementary School Students

Abstract:
Many children, including those with asthma, remain exposed to secondhand smoke. This manuscript evaluates the process of implementing a secondhand smoke reduction counseling intervention using motivational interviewing (MI) for caregivers of urban children with asthma, including reach, dose delivered, dose received and fidelity. Challenges, strategies and successes in applying MI are highlighted. Data for 140 children (3-10 years) enrolled in the School Based Asthma Therapy trial, randomized to the treatment condition and living with one or more smoker, were analyzed. Summary statistics describe the sample, process measures related to intervention implementation, and primary caregiver (PCG) satisfaction with the intervention. The full intervention was completed by 79% of PCGs, but only 17% of other smoking caregivers. Nearly all (98%) PCGs were satisfied with the care study nurses provided and felt the program might be helpful to others. Despite challenges, this intervention was feasible and well received reaching caregivers who were not actively seeking treatment for smoking cessation or secondhand smoke reduction. Anticipating the strategies required to implement such an intervention may help promote participant engagement and retention to enhance the program's ultimate success. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Obesity; Child Health; Physical Activity Level; Children; Child Behavior; Eating Habits; Interviews; Sleep; Body Weight; Parent Attitudes; Exercise; Food; Family Relationship

Abstract:
Childhood obesity is a major public health challenge today, with complex roots interwoven into nearly every facet of American life. This poll addresses one narrow slice of this web: the challenges that families face during the "crunch time" of the work and school week, between 3 pm and the time children go to bed. Compared to the school day, this may be a time when parents and other adults in the household have more influence over what their children eat and do, but it is also a busy time when many are racing home from work, arranging for their children's extracurricular activities, trying to monitor homework, and getting ready for the next day. To get a detailed view of this critical window of time, this poll assesses a nationally representative sample of children, through the eyes of their parents or other responsible adults in their household who know what they ate, drank and did the day before the poll. This paper contains details of the poll responses presented in table forms and arranged in the following order: (1) Introduction; (2) 3 pm-Dinner; (3) Dinner; (4) After Dinner and Before Child Went to Bed; (5) Assessing the Day; (6) Sleep; (7) Family Events; (8) General Problems; and (9) Demographics. [For "A Poll about Children and Weight: Crunch Time during the American Work and School Week--3 P.M. to Bed. Summary," see ED540416.] Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Public Health; Caregivers; Obesity; Health Promotion; Body Weight; Child Health; Eating Habits; Sleep; Family Relationship; Family Environment; Exercise; Health Behavior

Abstract:
Childhood obesity is a major public health challenge today, with complex roots interwoven into nearly every facet of American life. This poll addresses one narrow slice of this web: the challenges that families face during the "crunch time" of the work and school week, between 3 p.m. and the time children go to bed. Compared to the school day, this may be a time when parents and other adults in the household have more influence over what their children eat and do, but it is also a busy time when many are racing home from work, arranging for their children's extracurricular activities, trying to monitor homework, and getting ready for the next day. To get a detailed view of this critical window of time, this poll assesses a nationally representative sample of children, through the eyes of their parents or other responsible adults in their household who know what they ate, drank and did the day before the poll. In this report, the authors refer to this group of respondents as "parents" because parents are 87% of them, but the total group also includes grandparents and foster parents as well as aunts, uncles, and siblings. This poll aims to examine (1) the daily challenges in helping children achieve or maintain a healthy weight; (2) perceptions of children's activities and food or drink consumption; (3) practices around the "family dinner"; (4) family practices around restful sleep; and (5) family special events as compared to daily practice. (Contains 10 footnotes.) [For the full report, "A Poll about Children and Weight: Crunch Time during the American Work and School Week--3 P.M. to Bed," see ED540417.] Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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