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Descriptors:
Brain Hemisphere Functions; Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; Child Behavior; Brain; Neurology; Inhibition; Executive Function; Infants; Check Lists; Short Term Memory; Diagnostic Tests; Correlation; Young Children; Cognitive Processes; Emotional Response; Planning; Age Differences; Predictor Variables; Foreign Countries

Abstract:
Background: Neuroimaging findings have provided evidence for a relation between variations in brain structures and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). However, longitudinal neuroimaging studies are typically confined to children who have already been diagnosed with ADHD. In a population-based study, we aimed to characterize the prospective association between brain structures measured during infancy and executive function and attention deficit/hyperactivity problems assessed at preschool age. Methods: In the Generation R Study, the corpus callosum length, the gangliothalamic ovoid diameter (encompassing the basal ganglia and thalamus), and the ventricular volume were measured in 784 6-week-old children using cranial postnatal ultrasounds. Parents rated executive functioning at 4 years using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool Version in five dimensions: inhibition, shifting, emotional control, working memory, and planning/organizing. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Problems were assessed at ages 3 and 5 years using the Child Behavior Checklist. Results: A smaller corpus callosum length during infancy was associated with greater deficits in executive functioning at 4 years. This was accounted for by higher problem scores on inhibition and emotional control. The corpus callosum length during infancy did not predict Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Problem at 3 and 5 years, when controlling for the confounders. We did not find any relation between gangliothalamic ovoid diameter and executive function or Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Problem. Conclusions: Variations in brain structures detectible in infants predicted subtle impairments in inhibition and emotional control. However, in this population-based study, we could not demonstrate that early structural brain variations precede symptoms of ADHD. (Contains 3 tables and 1 figure.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Parent Child Relationship; Young Children; Parents; Communication Disorders; Nonverbal Communication; Child Behavior; Responses

Abstract:
Parents and their children with severe expressive impairments may have limited successful communicative exchanges due to each partner's difficulty in recognizing and responding to communicative behaviors of the other. This study examined the communicative functions and modes of communication that received contingent responses in 20 dyads of parents and young children with severe expressive impairments. Parents responded more often to children's nonvocal behaviors and adult-directed behaviors than vocal behaviors and non-adult-directed behaviors (i.e., child gestures or vocal behaviors that were not conveyed toward the direction of the adult). The children responded more often to parent communication about goal-directed than non-goal-directed tasks. Implications of these results for communication intervention are discussed. (Contains 4 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Meta Analysis; Psychological Studies; Clinical Psychology; Intervention; Evidence; Parent Education; Parent Child Relationship; Child Behavior; Behavior Problems; Behavior Modification; Effect Size; Outcomes of Treatment

Abstract:
Evidence-based interventions are often unavailable in everyday clinical settings. This may partly reflect practitioners' assumptions that research evidence does not reflect "real-world" conditions. To examine this further, we systematically assessed the clinical effectiveness of parent management training (PMT) for the treatment of child disruptive behavior across different real-world practice contexts. We identified 28 relevant randomized controlled trials from a systematic search of electronic bibliographic databases and conducted a meta-analysis of child outcomes across trials. Planned subgroup analyses involved comparisons between studies grouped according to individual real-world practice criteria and total real-world practice criteria scores, reflecting the extent to which PMT was delivered by non-specialist therapists, to a clinic-referred population, in a routine setting, and as part of a routine service. Meta-analysis revealed a significant overall advantage for PMT compared with waitlist control conditions. Subgroup analyses did not demonstrate significant differences in effect size estimates according to the total number of real-world practice criteria met by studies. Moreover, no consistent relationships were found between specific practice criteria and effect size estimates. In conclusion, PMT appears to be an effective treatment for children with disruptive behavior problems. There was no clear evidence that conducting PMT in real-world practice contexts is a deterrent to achieving effective child behavior outcomes, although relative advantage to "usual care" was not directly examined and the power of the analysis was limited as a result of significant heterogeneity. More research is needed to investigate whether this finding is generalizable to other psychological interventions. Suggestions are also made for developing more differentiated criteria to assist with evaluating the specific applicability of research evidence to different care providers. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Behavior Modification; Social Problems; Change Strategies; Educational Strategies; Behavior Change; Student Behavior; Behavior Problems; Functional Behavioral Assessment; Parent School Relationship; Parent Participation; Intervention; Guidelines; At Risk Students; Integrated Services; Child Behavior; Partnerships in Education; Early Childhood Education

Abstract:
Challenging behavior is often a source of frustration for parents. Challenging behavior is defined as any behavior that interferes with children's learning and development, is harmful to children and to others, and puts a child at risk for later social problems or school failure (Bailey & Wolery, 1992; Kaiser & Rasminsky, 2003). Children's challenging behaviors can affect a family's ability to participate in home routines and community activities. When children engage in persistent challenging behavior, the importance of designing effective behavior interventions in collaboration with parents cannot be overstated. The purpose of this article is to help early childhood practitioners collaborate with parents to identify the purpose of challenging behaviors, determine effective strategies to address these behaviors, and create a behavior support plan that "fits" the needs of the child as well as the family. Guidelines for observing challenging behaviors and creating behavior support plans also are described. Throughout the article, examples are presented to illustrate ideas that are presented; however, these examples are not meant to be comprehensive or exhaustive. (Contains 3 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Behavior Modification; Mass Media Effects; Child Rearing; Parenting Styles; Animal Behavior; Child Behavior; Power Structure

Abstract:
Behavior modification with children has been popularized through television shows such as "Super Nanny" and "Nanny 911". The popularity of these shows may be related to the demand parents have for improving their children's behavior. Interestingly, an approach adopted by "The Dog Whisperer" may prove effective when used with children. The purpose of this brief review is to summarize how behavior modification with children has been used in the media and to detail the surprisingly large amount of research support for "The Dog Whisperer's" approach. This article also may be used as a guide for those who interact with children. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Behavior Modification; Clinics; Functional Behavioral Assessment; Behavior Problems; Neurological Impairments; Child Behavior; Early Adolescents; Outcomes of Treatment

Abstract:
This study included brief functional analyses and treatment for motor tics exhibited by two children with Tourette Syndrome. Brief functional analyses were conducted in an outpatient treatment center and results were used to develop individualized habit reversal procedures. Treatment data were collected in clinic for one child and in clinic and school for the other child. Brief functional analysis results were mixed for each child, but provided useful information for informing unique habit reversal components for each child. Treatment results indicated reductions in motor tics for each child. Results are discussed in terms of utility of functional analysis for tics. (Contains 5 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Parent Child Relationship; Child Behavior; Parent Education; Therapy; Outcomes of Treatment; Speech Communication; Preschool Children; Disadvantaged Youth

Abstract:
Empirical examination of components of behavioral parent training programs is necessary to inform treatment effectiveness and efficiency; however, comprehensive research on many components is lacking. The current study examined two parenting components utilized in Parent-Child Interaction Therapy by investigating the effects of behavioral descriptions on on-task behavior and the effects of reflections on descriptive speech. Twenty six parent-child dyads, with a child age 3-5, completed five parental-skill conditions. Results suggest that combined skills increased child on-task behavior more than other conditions; and that behavioral description alone increased on-task behavior more than questions. Furthermore, parental questions increased descriptive speech more than other forms of parental attention. These findings provide preliminary support for the utility of specific types of parental attention. (Contains 4 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Parents; Interaction; Observation; Comparative Analysis; Clinics; Construct Validity; Parent Child Relationship; Family Environment; Child Behavior; Behavior Problems; Discipline; Compliance (Psychology)

Abstract:
Direct observation is often considered the "gold standard" for assessing the function, frequency, and intensity of problem behavior. Currently, the literature investigating the construct validity of direct observation conducted in the clinic setting reveals conflicting results. Previous studies on the construct validity of clinic-based observations of parent and child interaction have focused on correlating behavior rates across clinic and home settings. These studies provide some preliminary data on how accurately in-clinic observations reflect the rates of behavior in the home setting; however, they provide little information regarding the interaction patterns between the parent and the child. The current study explores a method of assessing construct validity by comparing parent-child interactions in the clinic with parent-child interactions in the home. Results of this investigation suggest parents and children may exhibit similar rates of behavior in the clinic and home during structured activities and similar types of interactions during those activities. (Contains 5 tables and 8 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Parent Child Relationship; Punishment; Grade 4; Grade 5; Interpersonal Competence; Aggression; Child Behavior; Goal Orientation; Social Development; Child Rearing; Parenting Styles; Correlation; Gender Differences; Cognitive Processes; Student Attitudes; Parent Attitudes; Questionnaires

Abstract:
Although research has examined how parenting may influence children's social information processing, little research has examined how these factors may influence children's social goals. The current study examined how both parent- and child-reports of parenting behaviors were associated with regressed change in children's reported social goals over a one-year time period. Participants were 116 children (58.8% male), identified as being highly aggressive by their teachers in 4th grade, and their caregivers. Children's reports of positive parenting in 4th grade were positively associated with affiliation goals and negatively related to dominance and revenge goals in 5th grade, even after controlling for the corresponding goals in 4th grade. Additionally, parent-reported corporal punishment in 4th grade was positively related to dominance goals in 5th grade for boys, but not for girls. Results are discussed in terms of the possible ways that parenting may influence social goals. (Contains 2 tables and 1 figure.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Obesity; Child Health; Physical Activity Level; Children; Child Behavior; Eating Habits; Interviews; Sleep; Body Weight; Parent Attitudes; Exercise; Food; Family Relationship

Abstract:
Childhood obesity is a major public health challenge today, with complex roots interwoven into nearly every facet of American life. This poll addresses one narrow slice of this web: the challenges that families face during the "crunch time" of the work and school week, between 3 pm and the time children go to bed. Compared to the school day, this may be a time when parents and other adults in the household have more influence over what their children eat and do, but it is also a busy time when many are racing home from work, arranging for their children's extracurricular activities, trying to monitor homework, and getting ready for the next day. To get a detailed view of this critical window of time, this poll assesses a nationally representative sample of children, through the eyes of their parents or other responsible adults in their household who know what they ate, drank and did the day before the poll. This paper contains details of the poll responses presented in table forms and arranged in the following order: (1) Introduction; (2) 3 pm-Dinner; (3) Dinner; (4) After Dinner and Before Child Went to Bed; (5) Assessing the Day; (6) Sleep; (7) Family Events; (8) General Problems; and (9) Demographics. [For "A Poll about Children and Weight: Crunch Time during the American Work and School Week--3 P.M. to Bed. Summary," see ED540416.] Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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