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Descriptors:
Form Classes (Languages); Conflict; Muslims; Foreign Countries; Discourse Analysis; Social Networks; Computational Linguistics; Nationalism; Newspapers; Search Engines; Classification; Alienation; Editing; Audiences

Abstract:
This article uses methods from corpus linguistics and critical discourse analysis to examine patterns of representation around the word "Muslim" in a 143 million word corpus of British newspaper articles published between 1998 and 2009. Using the analysis tool Sketch Engine, an analysis of noun collocates of "Muslim" found that the following categories (in order of frequency) were referenced: ethnic/national identity, characterizing/differentiating attributes, conflict, culture, religion, and group/organizations. The "conflict" category was found to be particularly lexically rich, containing many word types. It was also implicitly indexed in the other categories. Following this, an analysis of the two most frequent collocate pairs: "Muslim world" and "Muslim community" showed that they were used to collectivize Muslims, both emphasizing their sameness to each other and their difference to "The West". Muslims were also represented as easily offended, alienated, and in conflict with non-Muslims. The analysis additionally considered legitimation strategies that enabled editors to print more controversial representations, and concludes with a discussion of researcher bias and an extended notion of audience through online social networks. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Interdisciplinary Approach; Applied Linguistics; Journal Articles; Audiences; Biochemistry; Flow Charts; English for Special Purposes; Language Styles; Text Structure; Teaching Methods; Comparative Analysis; Second Language Instruction; Second Language Learning; Material Development

Abstract:
This article highlights aspects of an interdisciplinary (chemistry-applied linguistics) English for Specific Purposes (ESP) course- and materials-development project. The project was aimed at raising genre awareness among chemistry students and faculty, in addition to improving students' disciplinary reading and writing. As part of the project, full-length chemistry journal articles were analyzed. We describe select results of this analysis and the prominent role played by chemists in the process. Emphasis is placed on the organizational structure of chemistry journal articles, focusing on the Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, and Conclusion (A-IMRDC) sections. Two predominant organizational patterns emerged from our analyses, specifically A-IMR[DC] and A-IM[R(DC)], with brackets signifying sections merged under one major heading. Move-analysis findings are converted into easy-to-interpret instructional tools labeled "move structures akin to flow charts" for two target audiences (chemistry students and faculty). The rhetorical structure of the chemistry journal article is then compared to journal articles published in biochemistry, an overlapping discipline. The article concludes with pedagogical implications and suggestions for ESP professionals engaged in genre analysis. (Contains 6 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Drama; Foreign Countries; Audiences; Aesthetics; Theaters; Theater Arts; Dramatic Play; Dramatics; Questionnaires

Abstract:
This article is based upon research into a participatory Theatre in Education (TiE) programme that toured the West Midlands in 2009, funded by the UK's PREVENT initiative intended to counter the radicalisation of young British nationals by extremist political groups. The article provides a summary of the TiE programme and then presents quantitative data to demonstrate its success in terms of its ability to both provoke and entertain the young audiences whom it engaged with. The article then goes on to examine qualitative data gathered from two contrasting schools in an attempt to theorise why and in what ways it was successful as both a social exchange and an aesthetic event. In this the authors draw heavily from a recent work by Richard Sennett and propose that the programme constitutes the kind of dialogic encounter and civil exchange that he suggests we need in order to foster forms of cooperation and dialogue within the social and cultural complexities of the modern world. At the heart of this dialogue, we suggest, is the playful charm of actor-teachers and the productively cool dynamic they can bring to bear when working with highly emotive and politically charged issues. (Contains 2 tables and 11 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Ethnography; Foreign Countries; Audiences; Dramatics; Play; Dramatic Play; Youth; Aesthetics; Theaters; Theater Arts; Interviews; Learner Engagement; Drama

Abstract:
In this article, we consider the aesthetic, political and pedagogical strengths of a verbatim theatre performance, "The Middle Place" by Project: Humanity, a play that explores the experiences of shelter youth in Toronto, Canada. This ethnographic study moved from drama classrooms into theatres and charted audience responses to the production, its pre- and post-show programming and the company's curation of the theatre space. Using data from post-performance interviews with youth, we analyse how young people articulate the impact of socially engaged theatre. And pulling from ethnographic fieldnotes and researcher email correspondence, we further illustrate how the mere presence of youth and shelter youth at the theatre altered the ways in which audiences interacted with the play and the extended programming, disrupting the usual social contract of theatre-going. Project: Humanity's intentional mix of social classes and ages among the audience created encounters that have much to teach us about theatre's ability to unleash the "unruly" and to artistically re-create a world highly recognisable to those who inhabit it. (Contains 3 figures and 7 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Power Structure; Slavery; Interviews; Personal Narratives; Audiences; Models; Discourse Analysis; Speech; Social Status

Abstract:
Direct reported speech has been described as serving many functions in stories, such as increasing vividness, creating authenticity, and enhancing audience involvement. Drawing on Bamberg's model of positioning and focusing on reported exchanges, we argue that through its "constructed sequentiality" and its use of discourse strategies, direct reported speech also enacts power relations as they are constructed between the story characters in the referential world. This, of course, has implications for the function of these reported exchanges in the interview world and the construction of the interviewee's moral position in relation to the local and global context. In particular, we focus on reported exchanges in narratives about slavery. First, we discuss fragments in which hegemonic power asymmetries between protagonists in stories are talked into being. Second, we focus on a lengthy story in which a slave is constructed as the powerful interlocutor whose discursive rights surpass those typical of his social category. As such, the nonessentialist nature of this discursive construction of power within the referential world is foregrounded, and it is also demonstrated that reported exchanges can have many diverse functions within the interview setting. (Contains 1 table and 7 footnotes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Well Being; Foreign Countries; Translation; Humanism; Educational History; English; Books; Literature; Educational Philosophy; Dialogs (Language); Males; Audiences; Health Behavior; Individual Development; Citizen Participation

Abstract:
Michel Jeanneret's "A Feast of Words. Banquets and Table Talk in the Renaissance" (1987; English translation published in 1991) highlighted the celebration by Renaissance humanists of food and drink as catalysts of intellectual exchange. The author convincingly argued that Renaissance banquets served as a paradigm for the humanist body of ideas, and thus became an important setting for works of literature and erudition. This article investigates whether the use of banquets in humanist culture is also reflected in the didactic writings of the age. It focuses on the school dialogues of Desiderius Erasmus (1466?-1536) and Juan Luis Vives (1492/3-1540), which proved to be enormously popular and were--according to a 1582 preface--read in "well-nigh every school" in England and continental Europe. The article illustrates how Erasmus and Vives, especially when addressing an audience of young school boys, aimed to organize a controlled satisfaction of bodily appetites, stimulating the interchange of ideas, whilst avoiding gluttony and intoxication, which are as detrimental for intellectual exchange as they are for the individual's physical and spiritual well-being. The humanists' condemnation of excess was thus connected with their analysis of the human condition and their preoccupation that every child should realize his or her full potential as a human being. The key element in this was considered to be education, which trained children to rise above their animal instincts and desires, and prepared them to participate in society as responsible adults. (Contains 43 footnotes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Dementia; Documentaries; Stereotypes; Self Concept; Films; Audiences; Alzheimers Disease; Fear; Perspective Taking

Abstract:
This article draws attention to the fact that documentaries do not simply reproduce the reality that film and audience share but always present a particular view of this reality. This implies that organizations in Alzheimer care, education, and research that often recommend documentaries to inform people about dementia should take into account that these films might reinforce negative stereotypes inducing fear of dementia. An in-depth analysis of the Dutch short documentary "Mum" (2009), directed by feminist artist Adelheid Roosen, illustrates that the reasoning of the personhood movement in dementia research can be translated into an artistic form. By highlighting instead of veiling its means of production, "Mum" stimulates viewers to imagine people with dementia as other than lost selves. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Public Health; News Media; Medicine; Audiences; Scientific Literacy; Role; Information Sources; Journalism; National Surveys; Regression (Statistics); Correlation; Gender Differences; Age; Race; Ethnicity; Health Education; Health Behavior; Minority Groups

Abstract:
The news media play a vital role in disseminating health information, yet little is known about the social characteristics of health journalists or the impact they have on the newsmaking process. This study examines how the social group influences of US health journalists impact two important aspects of news production--"media agenda-setting" and "framing". Using data from a national survey of health and medical science journalists, the authors conducted multivariable logistic regression analyses to study the links between the gender, age and race/ethnicity of respondents, and the ways in which they utilized news sources, other resources, news priorities and story angles. Female respondents were more likely than males to say that educating people to make informed decisions and disseminating new, accurate information are important priorities. Female and minority journalists were more likely than white males to use a variety of sources, and to say it is important to develop the health and scientific literacy of audiences and influence public health behaviors. The gender and race/ethnicity of journalists play an important role in the production of health news. Health educators can foster improved coverage by learning more about the life experiences of health journalists and developing better working relationships with them. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Minority Groups; Cultural Context; Jews; Arabs; Foreign Countries; Theater Arts; Audiences; Self Concept; Drama; Attitude Change; Conflict; Qualitative Research; Administrator Attitudes

Abstract:
This article was written as part of a comprehensive research study whose main goal was to explore and assess the effectiveness of Israeli drama as an instrument to change young Israelis' perceptions and positions toward the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. The article will present the findings of the qualitative study of two distinct audiences: Palestinian students in the Israeli education system and senior Jewish education officials who view the theater play "An Arab Dream". The findings show that for the Palestinian teenagers theater offers an opportunity to address sensitive and complex issues of minority group identity and serves as a trigger for social, emotional, and intellectual discourse. However the Jewish education officials were unable to allow the voices of a national minority to be heard within themselves, as they perceived the play as a provocative play of no educational value and they even believed it could harm the Jewish Israeli teenage audience. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Prosocial Behavior; Credibility; Moral Development; Trust (Psychology); Cooperation; Role; Risk; Audiences; Evaluators; Sociology; Social Behavior

Abstract:
Classic sociological solutions to cooperation problems were rooted in the moral judgments group members make about one another's behaviors, but more recent research on prosocial behaviors has largely ignored this foundational work. Here, we extend theoretical accounts of the social effect of moral judgments. Where scholars have emphasized the roles of moral judgments in clarifying moral boundaries and punishing deviants, we present two less intuitive paths from moral judgments to social behavior. We argue that those who engage in moral judgments subsequently act more morally. Further, we argue that group members anticipate the more moral behavior of judges, trusting them more under situations of risk and uncertainty. We thus establish paths from moral judgments to the primary foundations of voluntary cooperation: "trust" and "trustworthiness". The results of three experiments support the predicted effects: Participants randomly assigned to make moral judgments were more trustworthy in subsequent interactions (Study 1). A follow-up experiment sought to clarify the underlying mechanism, showing that making moral judgments led individuals to view themselves as more moral (Study 2). Finally, audience members anticipated the greater trustworthiness of moral judges (Study 3). Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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