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Descriptors:
Grade Point Average; Multivariate Analysis; Predictor Variables; Graduation; Grade 9; Educational Attainment; Urban Schools; Longitudinal Studies; Dropout Prevention; At Risk Students; Program Effectiveness; Gender Differences; Correlation; College Attendance; Grade 8; Enrollment Trends; Intervention; Attendance Patterns; High School Students; African American Students; Limited English Speaking; Special Education; Socioeconomic Status; Student Behavior

Abstract:
This study of graduation outcomes in Baltimore uses multivariate analysis of longitudinal student cohort data to examine the impact of factors identified in previous research as early warning indicators of a dropout outcome. Student cohort files were constructed from longitudinal administrative data (following all first-time 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 9th graders forward in time until their on-time graduation year and 1 year past). Sequentially estimated logistic regression hierarchical linear modeling models indicated the strongest predictors of graduation were 9th-grade attendance and course failure, although gender was still significant. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to analyze the relationship between the 4 categories of college enrollment outcomes (enrollment in a 4-year college, enrollment in a 2-year college, graduation with no college enrollment, and nongraduation) and student-level predictor variables, including grade point average (GPA) and 8th-grade test scores. Results suggest that equipping schools to implement interventions to address chronic absenteeism and course failure in 9th grade is a crucial strategy for increasing both high school graduation and college enrollment. (Contains 8 tables and 6 footnotes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Bullying; Homosexuality; Sexual Orientation; Identification (Psychology); Social Attitudes; Educational Environment; Student Needs; At Risk Students; Intervention; Program Effectiveness; Attendance Patterns; School Policy; Victims; Adolescents; Social Support Groups; Racial Differences; Place of Residence; Institutional Characteristics; Geographic Location

Abstract:
This study examines the availability and effectiveness of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT)-related school resources for a national sample of transgender youth (N = 409), as compared to a national sample of LGB cisgender (non-transgender) youth (N = 6,444). All four examined resources--gay-straight alliances (GSAs), supportive educators, LGBT-inclusive curricula, and comprehensive anti-bullying/anti-harassment policies which include specific protections for LGBT students--were related to decreased absenteeism. Three of the four resources (except for comprehensive anti-bullying/anti-harassment policies) were related to lower levels of victimization. The results indicated that the resources provided benefits for transgender and cisgender LGB students alike, yet the positive effects of policies and GSAs were even stronger for transgender youth. (Contains 3 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Grade Repetition; Enrollment; Foreign Countries; Nutrition; Rural Schools; Public Schools; Outcomes of Education; School Entrance Age; Grade 4; Scores; Disadvantaged Schools; Attendance Patterns; Correlation; Regression (Statistics)

Abstract:
Chile operates one of the oldest and largest school feeding programs in Latin America, targeting higher-calorie meals to relatively poorer schools. This paper evaluates the impact of higher-calorie meals on the education outcomes of public, rural schools and their students. It applies a regression-discontinuity design to administrative data, including school enrollment and attendance, first-grade enrollment age and grade repetition, and fourth-grade test scores. There is no evidence, across a range of specifications and samples, that additional calories affect these variables. The paper suggests that the focus of Chilean policy should further shift to the nutritional composition of school meals, rather than the caloric content. (Contains 10 tables and 5 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Foreign Countries; Sanitation; Heads of Households; Income; Urban Areas; Poverty; Attendance; Attendance Patterns; Children; Latin Americans; Rural Areas; Educational Attainment; Family Characteristics; Water; Housing; Developing Nations; Social Indicators; Measurement; Sociometric Techniques; Socioeconomic Influences; Living Standards; Research Methodology; Comparative Analysis; Statistical Analysis; Predictor Variables; Cross Cultural Studies

Abstract:
This paper studies multidimensional poverty for Argentina, Brazil, Chile, El Salvador, Mexico and Uruguay for the period 1992-2006. The approach overcomes the limitations of the two traditional methods of poverty analysis in Latin America (income-based and unmet basic needs) by combining income with five other dimensions: school attendance for children, education of the household head, sanitation, water and shelter. The results allow a fuller understanding of the evolution of poverty in the selected countries. Over the study period, El Salvador, Brazil, Mexico and Chile experienced significant reductions in multidimensional poverty. In contrast, in urban Uruguay there was a small reduction in multidimensional poverty, while in urban Argentina the estimates did not change significantly. El Salvador, Brazil and Mexico, and rural areas of Chile display significantly higher and more simultaneous deprivations than urban areas of Argentina, Chile and Uruguay. In all countries, deprivation in access to proper sanitation and education of the household head are the highest contributors to overall multidimensional poverty. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Foreign Countries; Poverty; Economically Disadvantaged; Attendance; Children; Family Characteristics; Social Indicators; Measurement; Sociometric Techniques; Economic Factors; Research Methodology; Comparative Analysis; Statistical Analysis; Welfare Recipients; Welfare Services; Poverty Programs; African American Family; Family Income; Family Programs; Family Needs; Attendance Patterns; Public Policy; Policy Analysis; Human Capital; Child Welfare; Program Evaluation

Abstract:
Conditional cash transfer programs (CCTs) have two main objectives: reducing poverty and increasing the human capital of children. To reach these objectives, transfers are given to poor households conditioned on investments in their children's education, health, and nutrition. Targeting mechanisms used by CCTs have been generally successful in identifying the income poor but have not fared as well in identifying households that under-invest in human capital. These mechanisms do not consider the multidimensional aspect of poverty, even when composite measures are used, as they do not capture each dimension-specific deprivation. This paper proposes a multidimensional targeting approach to identifying beneficiaries that explicitly takes into consideration the multiple objectives of CCTs and the multiple deprivations of the poor household. Results indicate that the proposed multidimensional targeting methodology significantly improves the selection of households with children who are most deprived in the dimensions often relevant to CCTs. In the case of Mexico's Oportunidades, ex-ante evaluation results indicate that the multidimensional identification of beneficiaries increases the impact of transfers on school attendance compared to alternative targeting models. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Academic Achievement; Attendance Patterns; School Counselors; Poverty; Graduation Rate; Counselor Role; At Risk Students; Low Income Groups; Counselor Client Ratio; High Schools; Achievement Gap; Counseling Effectiveness

Abstract:
Results link lower student-to-school-counselor ratios to better graduation rates and lower disciplinary incidents across Missouri high schools. An interaction favorable for promoting student success in school was found between increasing percentages of students receiving free or reduced-price lunch and smaller student-to-school-counselor ratios. In high-poverty schools, those schools that met the ASCA criteria of having at least one professional school counselor for every 250 students had better graduation and school attendance rates, and lower disciplinary incidents. (Contains 2 tables and 1 figure.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Foreign Countries; Minority Group Children; School Desegregation; Attendance; Elementary Secondary Education; Incentives; Economically Disadvantaged; Attendance Patterns; Literacy; Numeracy; Gender Differences; Family Characteristics; Family Environment; Economic Status; Cultural Differences

Abstract:
This article examines the degree of integration of Roma and Gypsy children in formal education in the Peloponnese region of Greece. It is based on field research conducted by the University of Patras during the school year 2006/07 within the framework of the Greek Ministry of Education's "Integration of Roma children in school" programme, funded by the European Union. Despite governmental incentives for poor families to enrol their school-aged children, school attendance of Roma and Gypsy children was found to decline from primary year one to primary year six, with hardly any of them entering secondary school at all. Besides looking at school attendance figures and Roma and Gypsy children's proficiency in reading, writing and numeracy, this paper also considers gender, family composition, living conditions and economic situation, as well as culturally constructed perceptions of childhood and a person's life cycle. The aim of this article is to highlight the contradictions and ambiguities involved in the process of incorporating Roma and Gypsy children in formal education, and to evaluate their school performance and assess their academic choices. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Identification; Evidence; Psychotherapy; Counseling Techniques; Attendance Patterns; Effect Size; Group Therapy; Intervention; Meta Analysis; Control Groups; Online Searching; Clinical Diagnosis; Adults; Compliance (Psychology)

Abstract:
Objective: Rates of nonattendance for psychotherapy hinder the effective delivery of evidence-based treatments. Although many strategies have been developed to increase attendance, the effectiveness of these strategies has not been quantified. Our aim in the present study was to undertake a meta-analysis of rigorously controlled studies to quantify the effects of interventions to promote psychotherapy attendance. Method: The inclusion criteria were that studies (a) concerned attendance at individual or group psychotherapy by adults, (b) used a randomized controlled trial design to test an attendance strategy, and (c) used an objective measure of attendance. Computerized literature searches and hand searching resulted in a total of 31 randomized controlled trials that involved 33 independent tests of strategies for reducing treatment refusal and premature termination (N = 4,422). Effect sizes from individual studies were meta-analyzed, and moderator analyses were conducted. Results: Interventions had a small-to-medium effect on attendance across studies (d[subscript +]= 0.38). Interventions to reduce treatment refusal and premature termination were similarly effective (d[subscript +]= 0.37 and 0.39, respectively). Choice of appointment time or therapist, motivational interventions, preparation for psychotherapy, informational interventions, attendance reminders, and case management were the most effective strategies. Diagnosis also moderated effect sizes; samples with a single diagnosis benefited more from attendance interventions compared to samples with a variety of diagnoses. Conclusions: Interventions to increase attendance at adult psychotherapy are moderately effective. However, relatively few studies met the strict study inclusion criteria. Further methodologically sound and theoretically informed interventions geared at increasing attendance are required. (Contains 3 tables, 3 figures, and 1 footnote.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
School Nurses; Role; At Risk Students; Sexual Abuse; Child Abuse; Crime; Females; Attendance Patterns; Consciousness Raising; Safety; Prevention; Sexuality; Recruitment; Self Disclosure (Individuals); Adolescents

Abstract:
As trusted health professionals in the school setting, school nurses are well positioned to identify students who may be victims of commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC). However, until recently this issue has been clouded by lack of awareness, stigma, and/or denial. Since nationally the average age of entry for girls into the commercial sex industry (specifically prostitution) is 12-15 years old, many of these young people continue to attend school although attendance may be sporadic. Additional continuing education is needed to increase school nurses' awareness that these young victims might be in their practices, whether they are located in urban, rural, or suburban communities. As primary sources of health care for children throughout the United States, school nurses have a pivotal role in helping an exploited girl move beyond invisibility to a path of safety and support--and a new life. (Contains 2 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Surveys; School Health Services; Urban Schools; Neighborhoods; Innovation; Access to Health Care; Attendance Patterns; Child Health; Academic Achievement; Learner Engagement; Program Effectiveness

Abstract:
School-based health centers (SBHCs) continue to provide essential health care services to children and families in underserved neighborhoods across the country. Preliminary studies show that students who use SBHCs have better attendance rates as well as higher rates of academic achievement and attachment to the learning environment. Few studies, however, detail the programs that create better learning environments and higher attendance rates. The present study provides detailed information about programming in New York City SBHCs. Centers were asked to complete an online survey about the specific programming offered at each school. Recommendations for future research, including program evaluations, are offered. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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