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Descriptors:
Foreign Countries; Sampling; Error of Measurement; Peer Groups; Monte Carlo Methods; Statistical Bias; Computation; Least Squares Statistics; Regression (Statistics); Comparative Analysis

Abstract:
Investigation of peer effects on achievement with sample survey data on schools may mean that only a random sample of the population of peers is observed for each individual. This generates measurement error in peer variables similar in form to the textbook case of errors-in-variables, resulting in the estimated peer group effects in an OLS regression model being biased towards zero. We investigate the problem using survey data for England from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) linked to administrative microdata recording information for each PISA sample member's entire year cohort. We calculate a peer group measure based on these complete data and compare its use with a variable based on peers in just the PISA sample. We also use a Monte Carlo experiment to show how the extent of the attenuation bias rises as peer sample size falls. On average, the estimated peer effect is biased downwards by about one third when drawing a sample of peers of the size implied by the PISA survey design. (Contains 4 figures and 2 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Secondary Schools; Foreign Countries; Socioeconomic Influences; Socioeconomic Background; Interpersonal Relationship; Cross Cultural Studies; Comparative Analysis; Social Status; Correlation; Incidence; Selective Admission; School Segregation; Family Characteristics; School Choice; Private Schools

Abstract:
New evidence is provided about the degree of social segregation in England's secondary schools, employing a cross-national perspective. Analysis is based on data for 27 industrialised countries from the 2000 and 2003 rounds of the Programme of International Student Assessment (PISA). We allow for sampling variation in the estimates. England is shown to be a middle-ranking country, as is the USA. High segregation countries include Austria, Belgium, Germany and Hungary. Low segregation countries include the four Nordic countries and Scotland. In explaining England's position, we argue that its segregation is mostly accounted for by unevenness in social background in the state school sector. Cross-country differences in segregation are associated with the prevalence of selective choice of pupils by schools. (Contains 13 notes, 4 figures, and 2 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Academic Achievement; Developed Nations; Disadvantaged Youth; Elementary Secondary Education; Equal Education; Foreign Countries; Mathematics Achievement; Reading Achievement; Socioeconomic Status

Abstract:
This report compares the relative effectiveness of education systems across the developed world. Data come from the Programme for International Student Assessment, Trends in International Maths and Science Study, and the International Adult Literacy Survey. Overall, educational performance in some OECD countries is consistently better than others. A child in Finland, Canada, or Korea has a higher chance of being educated to a reasonable standard and a lower chance of falling far behind than a child in Hungary, Denmark, Greece, the United States, or Germany. The percentage of 15-year-olds judged unable to solve basic reading tasks varies from under 7 percent in Korea and Finland to over 20 percent in Switzerland, Germany, Hungary, Greece, and Portugal. High absolute standards of educational achievement are not incompatible with low levels of relative disadvantage. For OECD overall, the average gap between high and low math scores in the same year is approximately nine times the average progression between one year and the next. Between-school variance in educational performance is much higher in some countries than others. There is no simple relationship between level of educational disadvantage in a country and educational spending per pupil, pupil-teacher ratio, or degree of income equality. (SM) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Child Welfare; Children; Foreign Countries; Government Role; Inner City; Social Bias; Welfare Recipients; Welfare Reform; Welfare Services

Abstract:
The concept of social exclusion has been widely debated in Europe, though there has been little discussion of its application to children. This paper examines what is meant by exclusion of children, considering the choice of reference group, the geographical dimensions of exclusion, and the issue of who is responsible for any exclusion of children. It looks at social exclusion in the United Kingdom and in the European Union, then it goes on to discuss the use of the concept of exclusion in the United States, where in contrast to Europe, it has achieved little penetration to date. To assess whether there are grounds for discussion of social exclusion as it relates to children in the United States, the paper focuses on various features of U.S. society and institutions, including the measurement of poverty, analysis of children's living standards, state versus federal responsibilities, welfare reform, the emphasis on personal responsibility, and politics and the economy. (Contains 58 references.) (SM) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Adolescents; Birth Rate; Comparative Analysis; Developed Nations; Early Parenthood; Foreign Countries; Pregnancy; Statistical Analysis

Abstract:
This third Innocenti Report Card presents the most up-to-date and comprehensive survey so far of teenage birth rates in the industrialized world. And it attempts at least a partial analysis of why some countries have teenage birth rates that are ten or even fifteen times higher than others. The starting point is a new league table of teenage birth rates, showing the number of births per 1,000 15 to 19-year-olds in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) nations under review. Additional figures show how those rates have changed over the last 30 years. Data reveals that the five countries with the lowest teenage birth rates are Korea, Japan, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Sweden-- all with teen birth rates of fewer than 7 per 1,000. The United States teenage birth rate of 52.1 is the highest in the developed world-- and about four times the European Union average. As a contribution to the debate, this report draws on international experience and comparison to establish current facts and trends, to identify some of the forces that offer young people both motive and means to delay childbearing, and to look at what might be learnt from those societies that have already succeeded in reducing the problem. (Contains 44 references.) (GCP) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Child Safety; Children; Comparative Analysis; Developed Nations; Foreign Countries; Injuries; Mortality Rate; Public Policy; Well Being

Abstract:
Noting that injuries are the leading cause of child death in all the world's more developed countries, this report is the second in a series of "Innocenti Report Cards" designed to monitor the performance of industrialized nations in meeting the needs of their children. The report focuses on child death by injury in the member countries of the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). A standardized league table is presented, ranking 26 nations according to their injury death rates for children age 1 to 14 years. The report notes that Sweden, the United Kingdom, Italy, and the Netherlands report the lowest injury death rates, below 7 per 100,000. The United States and Portugal report child injury deaths over twice the level of the leading countries, and South Korea has a rate four times higher. Overall, the likelihood of a child dying from injury has been falling steadily in recent years, with national variations in rate of decline. There is a clear relationship between child injury death and national wealth, although the relationship is far from fixed. Although most countries lack data, it is suggested that the risk of child injury death rises steeply with poverty. The likelihood of child injury or death is also associated with single parenthood, low maternal education, low maternal age at the child's birth, poor housing, large family size, and parental drug abuse. Child's gender and ethnic group is also related to injury death rates. The report concludes by asserting that overall, there is a lack of adequate data and research into exactly which children are most at risk, thus leaving prevention public policy efforts under-informed. (Contains 31 references notes.) (KB) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Adolescents; Crime; Democracy; Economic Change; Elementary Education; Employment; Family Life; Foreign Countries; Health; Secondary Education; Social Responsibility; Young Adults

Abstract:
This report covers countries in transition--the 27 nations of Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States--that embarked on market and democratic reforms after the collapse of the Iron Curtain. The theme is a generation in transition--65 million young people aged 15-24. Are these youths better off? Are they healthier or safer? More or less educated? How do they participate in the economic, social, and political life of their countries? What about family life? What do they think and how do they feel about their changing societies? This report addresses the answers to these questions. It identifies a number of significant gaps between the views and capacities of youth in the region on the one hand and their realities and achievements on the other. The analysis also finds growing similarities between youth in transition and those in other industrialized countries, especially those in Western Europe. It also discusses how youth can be empowered to seize new opportunities while avoiding greater hazards. Issues that should be considered when developing youth-friendly policies are suggested as well as ways to help these policies be more effective. (Contains a statistical annex, glossary, bibliographic notes, and an extensive bibliography.) (MKA) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Children; Developed Nations; Disadvantaged Youth; Economic Development; Foreign Countries; Low Income Groups; Poverty; Tables (Data); Urban Youth

Abstract:
The tables of child poverty presented in this document are the most comprehensive estimates of child poverty across the industrialized world. Based on an analysis of the latest data from the Luxembourg Income Study of household surveys, the first figure shows the proportion of children living in poverty in 23 nations of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. It shows that child poverty rates vary from under 3% to more than 25% in the world's economically advanced nations. One in six of the rich world's children is living in poverty. In the league table of relative child poverty, the bottom four places are occupied by the United Kingdom, Italy, the United States, and Mexico. In the table of absolute child poverty, the bottom places are occupied by Spain, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland. A child's chance of living in poverty is, on average, four times greater in single-parent families. The countries with the lowest child poverty rates allocate the highest proportions of the gross national product. This analysis seeks to bring together recent data from across the industrialized world in order to explore what can be learned about the causes of child poverty and the policies most likely to reduce it. (SM) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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