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Descriptors:
Risk; Preschool Children; Marriage; Marital Satisfaction; Comparative Analysis; Surveys; Multivariate Analysis; Longitudinal Studies; Marriage Counseling; Spouses; Sex Role

Abstract:
This study investigated differences in the trajectory of marital satisfaction in the first 7 years between couples in covenant versus standard marriages. The authors analyzed data on 707 Louisiana marriages from the Marriage Matters Panel Survey of Newlywed Couples, 1998-2004, using multivariate longitudinal growth modeling. When the sample was restricted to couples who remained married over the duration of the study, a marginal benefit of covenant status was found for husbands. This effect was largely accounted for by covenant husbands' more extensive exposure to premarital counseling. The linear decline in marital satisfaction over time that obtained for both husbands and wives was not, however, any different for covenant marriages versus standard marriages. Couples characterized by more traditional attitudes toward gender roles were significantly less satisfied than others. High premarital risk factors, initial uncertainty about marrying the spouse, and the presence of preschool-age children in the household were all corrosive of marital satisfaction at any given time. (Contains 3 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Family Violence; Probability; Victims of Crime; Intimacy; Interpersonal Relationship; Gender Differences; Regression (Statistics); National Surveys; Law Enforcement

Abstract:
This study tests two hypotheses regarding factors affecting arrest of the perpetrator in domestic violence incidents. Black's relational-distance thesis is that the probability of arrest increases with increasing relational distance between perpetrator and victim. Klinger's leniency principle suggests that the probability of arrest is lower for male perpetrators assaulting female intimate partners, compared with other scenarios. The authors employed marginal logistic regression models using incident-based data from the National Survey of Violence and Threats of Violence Against Women and Men in the United States, 1994-1996, to test both effects. They found support for Black's thesis: The likelihood of arrest was lower when the perpetrator was an acquaintance, a relative, or a romantic partner of the victim, versus a stranger. However, the authors' results failed to support Klinger's hypothesis. They found that men were more likely to be arrested when assaulting a female--regardless of relationship status--compared with assaulting another male. (Contains 2 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Evidence; Infant Care; Child Care; Religious Factors; Father Attitudes; Parent Participation; Child Rearing; Longitudinal Studies; Adjustment (to Environment); Parents; Data Analysis; Gender Differences; Social Influences; Beliefs

Abstract:
Considerable debate exists regarding whether religiousness promotes or impedes greater father involvement in parenting. Our study addresses this issue using a Midwestern longitudinal data set that tracks the transition to first parenthood for 169 married couples. We focus on performance of the "messier" tasks of infant care. We find little evidence that religiousness enhances father involvement in this domain. Biblically conservative couples exhibit a greater gender gap in child care than others, with mothers more involved than fathers. The gender gap is also greater the more fathers work outside the home, the greater mothers' knowledge of infant development, and the less adaptable the infant. Average daily child care is lower the greater spouses' work hours, but higher with difficult pregnancies or fussy babies. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Spouses; Marital Satisfaction; Pregnancy; Marriage; Parent Child Relationship; Religion; Gender Differences; Depression (Psychology); Anxiety; Conflict; Well Being; Correlation

Abstract:
Theory suggests that relationship inequity will be associated with less marital and personal distress among the more religious, and that this interaction effect will be stronger for women than men. Data are from 178 married couples experiencing the third trimester of pregnancy of their first biological child. Five outcome variables were assessed for each spouse: marital satisfaction, love, marital conflict, depression, and anxiety. Consistent with equity theory, perceived relative advantage was related in a nonmonotonic fashion to all outcomes, with increasing advantage predicting better outcomes up to the equity point, but worse outcomes afterwards. Sanctification of marriage appeared to be a more important moderator of inequity effects than general religiousness. In particular, relative advantage had weaker effects among higher sanctifiers. The influence of relative advantage was also conditioned by gender. Wives' psychological well-being appeared to be more adversely affected than men's because of considering oneself overbenefited in the relationship. Moreover, the interaction between sanctification and relative advantage was somewhat stronger for wives. (Contains 3 tables and 3 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Social Change; Housework; Employment Level; Family Environment; Time Management; Parent Influence; Stress Variables; Fathers; Mothers; Siblings; Family Structure; Gender Differences; Age Differences; Extracurricular Activities

Abstract:
Children's time use--and specifically the time they spend on household chores--is an important arena for understanding social change. However, few studies accurately depict the multiple factors influencing children's household labor, including parent's and children's available time and parent's levels of work/family stress. We address these gaps by exploring how parents' and children's time use and perceived stress constrains time for housework. We employ data on 3,560 households from a national survey of children's time use. We find several factors elevate children's housework hours, including parents' work/family stress, fathers' work hours, having more siblings, being female, and being an older child. Contrary to the time availability principle, children's curricular and extracurricular activities and hours spent in paid labor are associated with more housework. A follow-up analysis suggests that this is not accounted for by an unmeasured family attribute promoting children's achievement across multiple spheres of activity. (Contains 3 tables and 2 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Family Violence; Antisocial Behavior; Females; Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; Help Seeking; Spouses; Surveys; Law Enforcement

Abstract:
This study investigates the potential buffering effect of help-seeking in the association between intimate partner assault and women's psychological trauma, and how this, in turn, may depend on the partner's stake in conformity. The sample consists of 374 women reporting the experience of domestic violence from a current intimate partner, drawn from the larger survey Violence and Threats of Violence Against Women and Men in the United States, 1994-1996. Help-seeking did not appear to buffer the impact of assault severity, contrary to expectation. However, the partner's stake in conformity did condition the effect of his or her having been arrested. Victims had higher levels of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) when police arrested partners of average or below-average stake in conformity. But victims of partners characterized by higher than average stake in conformity did not show elevated PTSD due to their partners having been arrested. On the other hand, PTSD was higher among women experiencing more emotional abuse from the partner. (Contains 3 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Gender Differences; Racial Differences; Violence; Sexual Harassment; Depression (Psychology); Substance Abuse; Adolescent Development; Sexual Abuse; Age Differences; Victims of Crime

Abstract:
This article explores how the association between sexual violence and substance use and mental health differs by race and life course stage. Analyses are based on data (n = 8,000) from the Violence and Threats of Violence against Women and Men in the United States Survey, 1994-1996 (NVAWS). Although sexual violence does not heighten the risk of problem drinking for White women, minority women victimized in adulthood are significantly more likely to engage in problem drinking and use illicit drugs. This suggests that for minority women the effects of recent victimization experiences result in immediate and potentially long-lasting consequences. The findings with respect to the association between sexual violence and depression are consistent with the child and adolescent development literature. It is Hispanic women who are more likely to suffer depression as a consequence of child sexual assault. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Cohabitation; Depression (Psychology); Interpersonal Relationship; Marriage; Predictor Variables; Well Being

Abstract:
Many studies have established that married people fare better than their never-married counterparts in terms of psychological well-being. Tests hypotheses based on both selection and relationship effects. Results indicate no evidence of selection of less depressed persons into either marriage or cohabitation, but a negative effect of entry into marriage on depression. (Contains 38 references and 3 tables.) (GCP) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Aggression; Family Violence; Interpersonal Relationship; Models; Stress Variables; Verbal Abuse

Abstract:
Tests a model of couple violence drawn from several theoretical perspectives. The outcome distinguishes among nonviolent couples and those experiencing either physical aggression or intense male violence. According to the model, background characteristics of couples are related to relationship stressors, which affect the risk of violence via their tendency to promote verbal conflict. Considerable support for the model was found. (Contains 41 references and 2 tables.) (GCP) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Economic Status; Employment Level; Family Problems; Family Violence; Interpersonal Relationship; Predictor Variables

Abstract:
Tests hypotheses shaped by family stress and resource theories about the impact of household economic indicators on the risk of violence against women in intimate relationships. Measures of employment status, job conditions, and economic well-being for male and female partners are examined with logistic regression analyses as predictors of the odds of male-to-female intimate violence. (Contains 35 references and 5 tables.) (GCP) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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