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Descriptors:
Foreign Countries; Sanitation; Heads of Households; Income; Urban Areas; Poverty; Attendance; Attendance Patterns; Children; Latin Americans; Rural Areas; Educational Attainment; Family Characteristics; Water; Housing; Developing Nations; Social Indicators; Measurement; Sociometric Techniques; Socioeconomic Influences; Living Standards; Research Methodology; Comparative Analysis; Statistical Analysis; Predictor Variables; Cross Cultural Studies

Abstract:
This paper studies multidimensional poverty for Argentina, Brazil, Chile, El Salvador, Mexico and Uruguay for the period 1992-2006. The approach overcomes the limitations of the two traditional methods of poverty analysis in Latin America (income-based and unmet basic needs) by combining income with five other dimensions: school attendance for children, education of the household head, sanitation, water and shelter. The results allow a fuller understanding of the evolution of poverty in the selected countries. Over the study period, El Salvador, Brazil, Mexico and Chile experienced significant reductions in multidimensional poverty. In contrast, in urban Uruguay there was a small reduction in multidimensional poverty, while in urban Argentina the estimates did not change significantly. El Salvador, Brazil and Mexico, and rural areas of Chile display significantly higher and more simultaneous deprivations than urban areas of Argentina, Chile and Uruguay. In all countries, deprivation in access to proper sanitation and education of the household head are the highest contributors to overall multidimensional poverty. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Social Work; Caseworkers; Scientific Attitudes; Social Sciences; Social Change; Interdisciplinary Approach; On the Job Training; Staff Development; Teamwork; Cooperation; Intellectual Disciplines; Professional Identity; Professional Education; Neuropsychology; Science and Society; Research Methodology

Abstract:
Shifts in the ways that science is being undertaken and marshaled toward social change argue for a new kind of professional competence. Taking the view that the science of social work is centrally about the relationship of research to social impact, the authors extend Fong's focus on transdisciplinary and translational approaches to science, illustrating ways that national and international priorities are exerting enormous influence in structures for and expectations of science relevant to social work. The authors also emphasize the growing centrality of transformational research, focusing in particular on the interdependence of education and impact. The intent is to stimulate reflectiveness regarding social work's preparedness to support and indeed amplify a robust culture of high impact science, including more confident, clearly articulated roles and skills in this contemporary scientific landscape. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Poverty; Economically Disadvantaged; Foreign Countries; Telecommunications; Influence of Technology; Poverty Programs; Social Indicators; Economic Opportunities; Educational Opportunities; Employment Opportunities; Empowerment; Predictor Variables; Economic Impact; Social Change; National Surveys; Data Analysis

Abstract:
There is a growing optimism among international organizations such as United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) that Information and Communication Technology (ICT) can transform developing countries such as Nigeria to developed ones in a relatively short time. Experiences from Asian and European countries such as India, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Thailand, Serbia and Ukraine tend to confirm this claim. However, there are very few of such studies on African sub-regional experience. This study attempts to provide evidences from African sub-region particularly Nigeria. Data collected from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) is used to find relationships between poverty reduction indicators and telecommunication in Nigeria. The study reveals that generally, telecommunication contributions to indicators of poverty reduction are not significant. The major reason that can be adduced for the minimal contribution of telecommunication lines to poverty reduction is their concentration in urban centre coupled with level of literacy and poor infrastructural facilities in the sub-region and indeed Nigeria. Similarly, the poor's are not properly linked to demand and supply chains information including produce and labour markets as well as services such as credits extension, inputs and research information. The pervasive and widespread "quiet corruption" in public institutions in Nigeria also reduces effects of telecommunication on poverty reduction. (Contains 2 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Instructional Leadership; Transformational Leadership; Educational Improvement; Social Change; Urban Areas; Critical Theory; Ideology; Intimacy; Problem Solving; Systems Approach; Educational Practices; Criticism; Leadership; Educational Environment

Abstract:
In this article, we suggest that communities must explore alternative leadership ideologies, actors, and venues to make meaningful academic and social improvements in our cities. We examine how themes from Paulo Freire's critical ideology can help expand our conceptualizations of educational leadership and facilitate pragmatic responses to complex urban dilemmas. To illustrate our claims, we provide two case examples of urban educational leadership that is guided by Freirean dialogical tenets of love, faith, humility, hope, critical thinking, and solidarity. (Contains 3 tables and 1 note.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Mental Health; Adolescents; Armed Forces; Futures (of Society); Statistical Analysis; Economic Opportunities; Children; Emotional Adjustment; Correlation; Databases; Military Personnel; Validity; Research Methodology; Sampling; Risk; Age; Violence; Gender Differences; Social Bias; Mental Disorders; Behavior Disorders; War; Longitudinal Studies; Measures (Individuals); Research Needs

Abstract:
Aims and scope: This article reviews the available quantitative research on psychosocial adjustment and mental health among children (age less than 18 years) associated with armed forces and armed groups (CAAFAG)--commonly referred to as child soldiers. Methods: PRISMA standards for systematic reviews were used to search PubMed, PsycInfo, JSTOR, and Sociological Abstracts in February 2012 for all articles on former child soldiers and CAAFAG. Twenty-one quantitative studies from 10 countries were analyzed for author, year of publication, journal, objectives, design, selection population, setting, instruments, prevalence estimates, and associations with war experiences. Opinion pieces, editorials, and qualitative studies were deemed beyond the scope of this study. Quality of evidence was rated according to the Systematic Assessment of Quality in Observational Research (SAQOR). Findings: According to SAQOR criteria, among the available published studies, eight studies were of high quality, four were of moderate quality, and the remaining nine were of low quality. Common limitations were lack of validated mental health measures, unclear methodology including undefined sampling approaches, and failure to report missing data. Only five studies included a comparison group of youth not involved with armed forces/armed groups, and only five studies assessed mental health at more than one point in time. Across studies, a number of risk and protective factors were associated with postconflict psychosocial adjustment and social reintegration in CAAFAG. Abduction, age of conscription, exposure to violence, gender, and community stigma were associated with increased internalizing and externalizing mental health problems. Family acceptance, social support, and educational/economic opportunities were associated with improved psychosocial adjustment. Conclusions: Research on the social reintegration and psychosocial adjustment of former child soldiers is nascent. A number of gaps in the available literature warrant future study. Recommendations to bolster the evidence base on psychosocial adjustment in former child soldiers and other war-affected youth include more studies comprising longitudinal study designs, and validated cross-cultural instruments for assessing mental health, as well as more integrated community-based approaches to study design and research monitoring. (Contains 2 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Disabilities; Vocational Rehabilitation; Rural Areas; Economic Opportunities; Employment Patterns; Urban Areas; Counties; Wages; Rural Population; Job Development; Skilled Workers; Blue Collar Occupations; Career Development; Interviews; On the Job Training; Rehabilitation Counseling; Self Employment; Community Attitudes; Community Relations; Employers

Abstract:
Vocational Rehabilitation (VR) agencies provide a range of services to help people with disabilities become employed. How services are delivered, however, depends on several factors including client interests and abilities as well as economic opportunities within the local community. For better or worse, rural and urban clients face vastly different employment landscapes. For instance, USDA Economic Resource Service data indicate that rural people earn lower wages and experience lower employment rates (ERS, 2012). Rural counties also have fewer full-time jobs per capita, particularly in skilled labor sectors. Urban areas have higher employment rates in professional and managerial positions, while rural communities have higher rates in blue collar and resource based occupations characterized by limited benefits and less opportunity for advancement. Additionally, rural counties have a higher percentage of very small firms compared to urban counties. This economic variation requires different employment strategies for rural and urban clients. Recently, the authors conducted a national qualitative study to better understand how VR agencies approach rural employment with their clients. This factsheet focuses on informant comments related to the rural employment landscape and VR approaches to overcoming barriers and developing jobs for rural clients. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Admission (School); Elementary Education; Migrants; Foreign Countries; Social Class; Disadvantaged Youth; Slums; Access to Education; Prevention; Urban Areas; Poverty; Rural to Urban Migration; Gender Differences; Consciousness Raising; Indians; Parent School Relationship

Abstract:
This paper examines the factors that prevent slum children aged 5-14 from gaining access to schooling in light of the worsening urban poverty and sizable increase in rural-to-urban migration. Bias against social disadvantage in terms of gender and caste is not clearly manifested in schooling, while migrated children are less likely to attend school. I argue that the lack of preparation for schooling in the pre-schooling ages and school admission procedures are the main obstacles for migrated children. The most important implication for universal elementary education in urban India is raising parental awareness and simplifying the admission procedures. (Contains 6 tables and 2 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Foreign Countries; Educational Games; Simulation; College Instruction; Instructional Materials; Instructional Effectiveness; Classroom Research; Qualitative Research; Statistical Analysis; Case Studies; Pretests Posttests; Student Surveys; Poverty; Developing Nations; Social Justice; Power Structure; Social Environment; Economics; Economic Progress; Economic Development; Economic Opportunities; Barriers; Social Stratification; Graduate Students; Socioeconomic Status

Abstract:
This article considers how the simulation game of DEVELOPMENT MONOPOLY provides insight into poverty and inequality dynamics in a development context. It first discusses how the game is rooted in theoretical and conceptual frameworks on poverty and inequality. Subsequently, it reflects on selected playing experiences, with special focus on the aspects of rule crafting, power relations, and game dynamics. Finally, the article assesses the simulation game's learning effects, based on observations concerning the debriefing phase. (Contains 9 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Foreign Countries; Educational Games; Simulation; College Instruction; Instructional Materials; Instructional Effectiveness; Classroom Research; Lesson Plans; Outcomes of Education; Student Attitudes; Guides; Facilitators (Individuals); Educational Strategies; Reflection; Qualitative Research; Statistical Analysis; Case Studies; Pretests Posttests; Student Surveys; Poverty; Developing Nations; Social Justice; Power Structure; Social Environment; Economics; Economic Progress; Economic Development; Economic Opportunities; Barriers; Social Stratification; Graduate Students; Socioeconomic Status

Abstract:
DEVELOPMENT MONOPOLY is a simulation game that allows players to experience how power relations influence the agency of different socioeconomic groups, and how this can induce poverty and inequality. Players alter the original rules of the MONOPOLY board game so that they more accurately reflect social stratification and inequalities in the context of developing countries. After the game, the players reflect on how they could be made more inclusive and pro-poor. In an individual debriefing, they are invited to think about the connections between game dynamics and contemporary evolutions in developing countries. In a final collective debriefing phase, participants discuss the ways in which the simulation experience enhanced their understandings of poverty and inequality. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Social Work; Ideology; Social Values; Educational Methods; Cooperation; Political Issues; Power Structure; Evaluation Methods; Community Programs; Citizen Participation; Social Change; Critical Theory; Participative Decision Making; Social Action

Abstract:
Recent attention on community organizing in national politics provides an opportunity for social work educators to revisit and enhance community practice as a core practice of the profession. Drawing from social work's rich tradition of community practice this article provides a practical aid to understand the variety of strategies currently used by instructors and students. It proposes a framework that differentiates the underlying assumptions of three community practice paradigms--traditional, collaborative, and radical--with very different goals or visions for organizing. It examines multiple dimensions of practice within each paradigm including purpose, power, politics, and evaluation standards. In addition, it provides suggestions about how the framework can be used in the classroom. (Contains 1 table and 3 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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