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Descriptors:
Check Lists; Behavior Problems; Mothers; Criticism; Toddlers; Child Behavior; Parent Child Relationship; Depression (Psychology); Control Groups; Attachment Behavior; Emotional Response; Models; Interviews

Abstract:
Direct and indirect relations among maternal depression, maternal Expressed Emotion (EE: Self- and Child-Criticism), child internalizing and externalizing symptoms, and child attachment were examined. Participants were mothers with depression (n = 130) and comparison mothers (n = 68) and their toddlers (M age = 20 mo.; 53% male). Assessments included the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (maternal depression); the Five Minute Speech Sample (EE); the Child Behavior Checklist (toddler behavior problems); the Strange Situation (child attachment). Direct relations were significant linking: 1) maternal depression with both EE and child functioning; 2) Child-Criticism with child internalizing and externalizing symptoms; 3) Self-Criticism with child attachment. Significant indirect relations were found linking maternal depression with: 1) child externalizing behaviors via Child-Criticism; 2) child internalizing behaviors via Self- and Child-Criticism; and 3) child attachment via Self-Criticism. Findings are consistent with a conceptual model in which maternal EE mediates relations between maternal depression and toddler socio-emotional functioning. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Sexuality; Females; Puberty; Fatherless Family; Males; Family Relationship; Gender Differences; Adolescent Development; At Risk Persons; Evolution; Stress Variables; Social Attitudes; Maturity (Individuals); Parent Influence; Fathers; Predictor Variables; Longitudinal Studies; Mothers; Mental Health; Family Environment; Parent Child Relationship; Conflict; Negative Attitudes; Emotional Response

Abstract:
The current study tested sex-specific pathways to early puberty, sexual debut, and sexual risk taking, as specified by an integrated evolutionary-developmental model of adolescent sexual development and behavior. In a prospective study of 238 adolescents (n = 129 girls and n = 109 boys) followed from approximately 12-18 years of age, we tested for longitudinal relations between ecological stressors, family relationships, pubertal maturation, self-perceived mate value, and sexual risk taking in both boys and girls. Consistent with the theory, (a) higher levels of familial and ecological stress predicted earlier sexual debut and greater sexual risk taking; (b) pubertal maturation partially mediated these relations among girls but not among boys; (c) father absence had unique effects on female sexual outcomes but not on male sexual outcomes; (d) higher self-perceived mate value directly predicted earlier sexual debut and, through it, greater sexual risk taking; and (e) relations between pubertal maturation and early sexual debut were partially mediated by higher self-perceived mate value in boys but not in girls. Discussion focuses on the contribution of an integrated evolutionary-developmental theory to the adolescent sexual health literature. (Contains 3 tables, 2 footnotes and 2 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Divorce; Mothers; Daughters; Child Rearing; Family Relationship; Adolescents; Intimacy; Role; Parenting Styles; Parent Child Relationship; Correlation; Mother Attitudes; Interviews; Females

Abstract:
This study examined the links between parental divorce, quality of maternal parenting, spousal relationships and middle adolescent romantic competence in 80 mother-adolescent daughter pairs (40 divorced). Mothers were asked to describe their attitudes and behaviors with regard to their daughters' romantic behavior. In addition, mothers were interviewed about their own romantic experiences when they were at the age of their daughters. Adolescent girls (mean age = 16.98 years; range 16-18) were administered a comprehensive interview about romantic competence. Findings indicated that adolescent girls from divorced families showed lower levels of romantic competence, which were expressed in their behavior, attitudes toward relationships and skill in handling those relationships. Divorce was found to have had an adverse effect on girls' romantic competence, whereas continued adaptive parenting and spousal relationships alleviated the effect of divorce. Mothers' coherent representation of their own adolescent romantic experiences also alleviated the effect of divorce on daughters' romantic behavior. Results show the important role of family relationships in fostering romantic competence among adolescent girls. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Mothers; Developmental Delays; Foster Care; Attachment Behavior; Parent Child Relationship; Childhood Needs; Altruism; Personality Traits; Adoption; Age Differences; Disabilities; Placement; Interaction; Interviews; Check Lists; Individual Characteristics

Abstract:
This study examined the association between perceptions of children's care needs and maternal sensitivity with 76 dyads in foster care. Foster mothers were more sensitive to typically developing children perceived as requiring easier care and were less sensitive to children with developmental delays. Adopting foster mothers were sensitive with children requiring complex care. Older children were perceived to need more care and to be delayed in development. Nearly half of the sample were perceived to be developmentally delayed. Foster mothers were less sensitive to children with multiple placements. Perceptions of caregiving needs can influence the quality of interactions. (Contains 1 table.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Well Being; Family Role; Young Adults; Mothers; Family Relationship; Family Structure; Divorce; Marriage; Fathers; Longitudinal Studies; Parent Child Relationship; Conflict; Parenting Styles; Gender Differences; Counseling; Childhood Attitudes

Abstract:
Current research on stepfamily well-being often overlooks the perspective of children, and deals primarily with factors as reported by the adults involved. The authors examine a number of family role characteristics, parental subsystem characteristics, and resources that might influence how children perceive the quality of their stepfamily relationships. A sample of 1,088 children in households with a mother and stepfather, ages 10 to 16 years, in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 cohort--Children and Young Adult Sample, is used for the analyses. Results indicate that open communication between children and their mothers, low amounts of arguing between mothers and stepfathers, along with agreement on parenting, and gender, all affect the closeness children report having with their stepfathers. Conclusions, limitations, and clinical implications are discussed. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Risk; Depression (Psychology); Criticism; Mothers; Children; Parent Child Relationship; Prediction; Correlation; Emotional Response; Measures (Individuals); Interviews; Symptoms (Individual Disorders)

Abstract:
The primary goal of the current study was to examine the impact of maternal criticism (expressed emotion-criticism; EE-Crit) on the prospective development of depressive episodes in children. In addition to examining baseline levels of EE-Crit, we also sought to determine whether distinct subgroups (latent classes) of mothers could be identified based on the levels of EE-Crit they exhibited over a multiwave assessment and whether that latent class membership would predict depression onset in children. Finally, we examined whether EE-Crit and maternal depression would independently predict children's depression risk or whether EE-Crit would moderate the link between maternal depression and children's depression onset. Children of mothers with or without a history of major depression (N = 100) were assessed 5 times over 20 months. Children completed the Children's Depression Inventory and mothers completed the Five Minute Speech Sample and the Beck Depression Inventory at the baseline assessment, and at 2-, 4-, and 6-month follow-up assessments. Children and mothers completed diagnostic interviews assessing children's onsets of depressive episodes at the 20-month follow-up. Latent class analysis of the 4 waves of EE-Crit assessments revealed two distinct groups, exhibiting relatively lower versus higher levels of EE-Crit across the first 6 months of follow-up. EE-Crit latent class membership predicted children's depression onset over the subsequent 14 months. This finding was maintained after controlling for mother's and children's depressive symptoms during the initial 6 months of follow-up. Finally, maternal depression did not moderate the link between EE-Crit and childhood depression onset. Continued exposure to maternal criticism appears to be an important risk factor for depression in children, risk that is at least partially independent of the risk conveyed by maternal depression. These results highlight the importance of a modifiable risk factor for depression--repeated exposure to maternal criticism. (Contains 1 table, 1 figure, and 4 footnotes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Mothers; Daughters; Focus Groups; Pregnancy; Foreign Countries; Puberty; Interpersonal Communication; Sexuality; Adolescent Development; Parent Child Relationship; Interviews; Teachers; Access to Information; Affective Behavior; Psychological Patterns; Knowledge Level; Neighborhoods; Poverty

Abstract:
Parental communication and support is associated with improved developmental, health and behavioral outcomes in adolescence. This study explores the quality of mother-daughter communication about sexual maturation, abstinence and unintended pregnancy in Korogocho, an informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya. We use data from 14 focus group discussions (n = 124) and 25 interviews with girls aged 12-17, mothers of teenage girls, and key informant teachers. Many girls and women believed that mothers are the best source of information and support during puberty but only a minority described good experiences with communication in practice. Girls preferred communication to begin early and be repeated regularly. Mothers often combined themes of sexual maturation, abstinence and avoiding pregnancy in their messages. Communication was facilitated by mothers' availability, warmth and close parent-child relationships. Challenges included communication taboos, embarrassment, ambiguous message content, and parental lack of knowledge and uncertainty. Neighborhood poverty undermined some mothers' time and motivation for communicating. (Contains 1 table.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Risk; Family Violence; Adolescents; Mixed Methods Research; Gender Differences; Case Studies; Young Adults; Observation; Rural Areas; Whites; Parent Child Relationship; Emotional Response; Sexuality; Prediction; Stress Variables; Family Environment

Abstract:
The intergenerational transmission of violence directed toward intimate partners has been documented for the past three decades. Overall, the literature shows that violence in the family of origin leads to violence in the family of destination. However, this predominately cross-sectional or retrospective literature is limited by self-selection, endogeneity, and reporter biases as it has not been able to assess how individual and family behaviors simultaneously experienced during adolescence influence intimate partner violence throughout adulthood. The present study used data from the Iowa Youth and Families Project (IYFP; N = 392; 52% Female), a multi-method, multi-trait prospective approach, to overcome this limitation. We focused on psychological intimate partner violence in both emerging adulthood (19-23 years) and adulthood (27-31 years), and include self and partner ratings of violence as well as observational data in a sample of rural non-Hispanic white families. Controlling for a host of individual risk factors as well as interparental psychological violence from adolescence (14-15 years), the results show that exposure to parent-to-child psychological violence during adolescence is a key predictor of intimate partner violence throughout adulthood. In addition, negative emotionality and the number of sexual partners in adolescence predicted intimate partner violence in both emerging adulthood and adulthood. Exposure to family stress was associated positively with intimate partner violence in adulthood but not in emerging adulthood, whereas academic difficulties were found to increase violence in emerging adulthood only. Unlike previous research, results did not support a direct effect of interparental psychological violence on psychological violence in the next generation. Gender differences were found only in emerging adulthood. Implications of these findings are discussed in light of the current literature and future directions. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Middle Class; Cultural Differences; Cross Cultural Studies; Infants; Caregivers; Mothers; Socialization; Emotional Response; Sociocultural Patterns; Parent Child Relationship; Foreign Countries; Discourse Analysis; Cultural Context; Social Environment; Agricultural Occupations

Abstract:
This article addresses the socialization of emotion expression in infancy. It argues that in order to adequately understand emotion development we need to consider the appraisal of emotion expression through caregivers in mundane, everyday interactions. Drawing on sociocultural and Bakhtinian theorizing, it claims that caregivers' appraisals of infants' emotion expression are dialogically intertwined with broader speech genres or "communicative genres" of a community and the emotional-volitional tone and normative orientations embedded in them. It aims to investigate how communicative genres become visible in early caregiver-infant interactions. In a comparative study with 20 farming Cameroonian Nso mothers from Kikaikelaki and 20 German middle-class mothers from Muenster and their 3-month-old infants, we investigated discursive practices used by the mothers in reaction to the infants' expression of negative affect. We found distinct patterns of coconstructing the interaction that point to different normative orientations and communicative genres that can be considered to be specific to the two sociocultural contexts. These communicative genres were found to be in line with broader cultural ethnotheories on good child care in these two communities found in previous studies and by other researchers. (Contains 2 tables and 3 footnotes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Marijuana; Cocaine; Narcotics; Public Health; School Personnel; High School Students; Substance Abuse; Smoking; Drinking; Drug Abuse; At Risk Persons; Interviews; Addictive Behavior; Cultural Influences; Adolescents; Prevention; Intervention; Parents; Allied Health Personnel; Policy Formation; Teachers; Mass Media Effects; Researchers; Brain; Incidence; Sexuality; Homicide; Suicide; Injuries; Motor Vehicles; Violence; Academic Achievement; Educational Attainment; Employment Level; Interpersonal Competence; Parent Attitudes; Parent Child Relationship; Educational Environment; Community Programs; Peer Influence; Genetics; Family Influence; Mental Disorders; Self Esteem; Personality Traits; Victims; Bullying; Low Achievement; Divorce; One Parent Family; Body Weight; Sleep; Aggression; Child Welfare; Dropouts; Minority Groups; Juvenile Justice; Athletes; Parent Participation; Parenting Styles; Role Models; Screening Tests; Barriers; Taxes; Consciousness Raising; School Policy

Abstract:
This report finds that adolescent smoking, drinking, misusing prescription drugs and using illegal drugs is, by any measure, a public health problem of epidemic proportion, presenting clear and present danger to millions of America's teenagers and severe and expensive long-range consequences for the entire population. This report is a wake-up call for everyone, regardless of whether they seek to win the future by investing in the youth or seek to cut public spending to avoid a back-breaking financial burden on their children and grandchildren. The findings and recommendations in this report offer common ground and opportunity to help achieve both objectives. This report finds that: (1) Three-fourths of high school students (75.6 percent, 10.0 million) have used addictive substances including cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana or cocaine; (2) Almost half of high school students (46.1 percent, 6.1 million) are current users of these substances; and (3) Of high school students who have ever smoked a cigarette, had a drink of alcohol or used other drugs, 19.4 percent have a clinical substance use disorder, as do 33.3 percent of current users. Appendices include: (1) Methodology; (2) 2010 CASA Survey of Parents of High School Students; (3) 2010 CASA Survey of High School Students; (4) 2010 CASA Survey of High School Teachers and School Personnel; (5) Key Informant Interviewees; and (6) Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT). A bibliography is included. (Contains 29 tables, 50 figures and 1452 notes.) [Funding for this paper was provided by Legacy[R] and the Michael Alan Rosen Foundation.] Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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