Your search found 285688 results.

Descriptors:
Females; Adolescents; Birth Rate; Birth Order; Marital Status; Premature Infants; Surgery; Hispanic Americans; Mothers; Body Weight; Comparative Analysis; Pregnancy; Racial Differences; African Americans; Whites; Asian Americans; American Indians; Alaska Natives; Early Parenthood; Age Differences; Pacific Islanders

Abstract:
Objectives: This report presents preliminary data for 2011 on births in the United States. U.S. data on births are shown by age, live-birth order, race, and Hispanic origin of mother. Data on marital status, cesarean delivery, preterm births, and low birthweight are also presented. Methods: Data in this report are based on approximately 100 percent of 2011 births. Records for the few states with less than 100 percent of records received are weighted to independent control counts of all births received in state vital statistics offices in 2011. Comparisons are made with final 2010 data. Results: The 2011 preliminary number of US births was 3,953,593, 1 percent less (or 45,793 fewer) births than in 2010; the general fertility rate (63.2 per 1,000 women age 15-44 years) declined to the lowest rate ever reported for the United States. The number of births declined for most race and Hispanic origin groups in 2011, whereas the rate declined only for Hispanic, non-Hispanic black and AIAN women. (1) The birth rate for teenagers 15-19 years fell 8 percent in 2011 (31.3 births per 1,000 teenagers 15-19 years), another record low, with rates declining for younger and older teenagers and for all race and Hispanic origin groups. (2) The birth rates for women in their twenties declined as well, to a historic low for women aged 20-24 (85.3 births per 1,000). (3) The birth rate for women in their early thirties was unchanged in 2011 but rose for women aged 35-39 and 40-44. (4) The birth rate for women in their late forties was unchanged in 2011. (5) The first birth rate in 2011 (25.4 births per 1,000) was the lowest ever recorded for the United States. (6) The birth rate, the number of births, and the percentage of births to unmarried women each declined for the third consecutive year. The birth rate was 46.1 birth per 1,000 unmarried women aged 15-44 and the percentage of births to unmarried women was 40.7. (7) The cesarean delivery rate was 32.8 percent unchanged from 2010. (8) The preterm birth rate fell for the 5th straight year in 2011 to 11.72; declines were reported for each of the largest race and Hispanic origin groups. (9) The 2011 low birthweight rate was 8.10 percent, down slightly from 8.15 percent in 2010. (Contains 4 figures and 10 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

Related Items: Show Related Items

Full-Text Availability Options:

 ERIC Full Text (311K)

Descriptors:
Social Problems; Females; Economically Disadvantaged; Birth Rate; Early Parenthood; Adolescents; Youth; Child Rearing; Unwed Mothers; Pregnancy; Youth Problems; Parents

Abstract:
This paper examines two aspects of teen childbearing in the United States. First, it reviews and synthesizes the evidence on the reasons why teen birth rates are so uniquely high in the United States and especially in some states. Second, it considers why and how it matters. We argue that economists' typical explanations are unable to account for any sizable share of the geographic variation. We describe some recent analysis indicating that the combination of being poor and living in a more unequal (and less mobile) location, like the United States, leads young women to choose early, non-marital childbearing at elevated rates, potentially because of their lower expectations of future economic success. Consistent with this view, the most rigorous studies on the topic find that teen childbearing has very little, if any, direct negative economic consequence. If it is explained by the low economic trajectory that some young women face, then it makes sense that having a child as a teen would not be an additional cause of poor economic outcomes. These findings lead us to conclude that the high rate of teen childbearing in the United States matters mostly because it is a marker of larger, underlying social problems. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

Related Items: Show Related Items

Full-Text Availability Options:

More Info:
Help | Tutorial Help Finding Full Text |  Publisher's website

Descriptors:
Family Planning; Sex Education; Birth Rate; Labor Market; Early Parenthood; Sexuality; Adolescents; Youth; Child Rearing; Hispanic Americans; Contraception; Federal Programs; Parents; Welfare Recipients; Welfare Services; Pregnancy; Youth Problems

Abstract:
We investigate possible explanations for the large decline in U.S. teen childbearing that occurred in the twenty years following the 1991 peak. Our review of previous evidence and the results of new analyses presented here leads to the following main set of observations. First, the observed decline in teen childbearing is even more surprising given the increasing share of Hispanic teens, who have higher birth rates. Second, we find that a reduction in sexual activity and an increase in contraceptive use contributed to the decline roughly equally. Third, we are able to identify a statistically discernible impact of declining welfare benefits and expanded access to family planning services through Medicaid, but combined they can only account for 12 percent of the observed decline in teen childbearing between 1991 and 2008. We are unable to find any impact of other policies (including abstinence only or mandatory sex education) or labor market conditions. In the end we conclude that the standard factors which are claimed to be related to the rate at which teens give birth appear to explain little of the recent trend. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

Related Items: Show Related Items

Full-Text Availability Options:

More Info:
Help | Tutorial Help Finding Full Text |  Publisher's website

Descriptors:
Health Services; Pregnancy; Early Parenthood; Parents; Foreign Countries; Males; Adolescents; Child Rearing; Mothers; Females; Young Adults; Late Adolescents; Parent Child Relationship

Abstract:
This study discusses young couples' interactions with maternity and health services paying particular attention to men's perspectives. Findings are based on research conducted in Scotland with men (aged 16-25) and their teenage partners (aged 16-19). Most young men were very involved in their child's life and provided support and care to their partner during pregnancy and in early parenthood. Men often felt excluded or judged when accessing services, although positive experiences were reported too. The study discusses ways in which maternity and health services can be better attuned to meet the needs of young couples and be inclusive of men. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

Related Items: Show Related Items

Full-Text Availability Options:

More Info:
Help | Tutorial Help Finding Full Text |  More Info:
Help Find in a Library |  Publisher's website

Descriptors:
Pregnancy; Professional Personnel; Foreign Countries; Community Development; Parent Participation; Interviews; Program Evaluation; Qualitative Research; Trust (Psychology); Parent Attitudes; Program Implementation; Public Policy; Early Parenthood; Adolescents; Prevention

Abstract:
Based on 65 interviews with professionals and parents conducted during 2007-2008, this 16-month, mainly qualitative evaluation of Parentline Plus' Time to Talk Community Programme (a preventative initiative within England's teenage pregnancy strategy) found that a community development approach and an ethos of partnership with parents and professionals facilitated engagement. Respectful and realistic implementation involved skilled workers building relationships of trust. By consulting with other professionals and parents it was possible to establish local need and to build on existing provision. Initially, insufficient prior local consultation and negotiation created perceptions of an imposed initiative, led by outsiders, resulting in wary local parents and professionals. The engagement and evaluation processes are considered in relation to the short-term nature of the initiative and potential conflicts between responding flexibly to the needs of parents and delivering targeted programmes. (Contains 1 table and 1 note.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

Related Items: Show Related Items

Full-Text Availability Options:

More Info:
Help | Tutorial Help Finding Full Text |  More Info:
Help Find in a Library |  Publisher's website

Descriptors:
Prenatal Care; Child Abuse; Mothers; Hospitals; Head Injuries; Alcohol Abuse; Pregnancy; Infants; Adolescents; Brain; Incidence; Foreign Countries; Symptoms (Individual Disorders); Pediatrics; Young Children; Accidents; Toddlers; Comparative Analysis; Gender Differences; Age Differences; Early Parenthood; Substance Abuse; Fathers

Abstract:
Objectives: Determine the prevalence, clinical signs and symptoms, and demographic and family characteristics of children attending a tertiary care hospital in Mexico City, Mexico, to illustrate the characteristics of abusive head trauma among this population. Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study of infants and children under 5, who suffered head trauma and were admitted to the National Pediatrics Institute in Mexico City, a tertiary care referral center. We reviewed medical records and extracted data on clinical and neurological signs and symptoms, fundus, radiological (long bones, thorax, CAT scan), and laboratory tests. We administered a standardized questionnaire assessing child abuse and neglect to the parents of the children included in the study. Results: One hundred and twenty children, under 5 presenting with head trauma, were recruited, 13 (11%) were considered abusive head trauma (AbHT) and 107 (89%) were diagnosed as accidental head injury (AcHI). The AbHT group comprised younger infants (mean age 8 months) and the AcHI group included toddlers about an average of 25 months. To account for this significant age difference, we performed a comparison of age matched cases. The children in the AbHT were more likely to be female, the result of the first unintended pregnancy and the children of younger mothers (17-19). Mothers in this group had attended fewer than 5 prenatal care visits and fathers had a history of alcohol abuse. Five (38%) of the 13 AbHT children did not survive their injuries and overall showed greater neurological and respiratory compromise, increased prothrombin time (PT), and lower hematocrit values. The most common intracranial injuries suffered by children in the AbHT group were subdural/epidural hematoma and parenchymal/subarachnoid hemorrhage. Retinal hemorrhage was the most frequent ocular injury. Conclusions: In a tertiary care children's hospital, 11% of the children presenting with head trauma, were considered of abusive origin. Unintended pregnancy among teen mothers and substance abuse in the father were associated with abusive head trauma in this descriptive study. (Contains 5 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

Related Items: Show Related Items

Full-Text Availability Options:

More Info:
Help | Tutorial Help Finding Full Text |  More Info:
Help Find in a Library |  Publisher's website

Descriptors:
Contraception; Birth Rate; Pregnancy; Family Relationship; Sexuality; Citizen Participation; Adolescents; Young Adults; Academic Achievement; Educational Attainment; Mass Media Effects; Comparative Analysis; Trend Analysis; Social Networks; Handheld Devices; Interpersonal Relationship; Parent Child Relationship; Sex Education; National Surveys

Abstract:
When it comes to making decisions about sex, teens today are doing far better than they were 20 years ago. Fewer teens are having sex, and among those who are, more teens are using contraception. The happy result is that teen pregnancy and birth rates have declined dramatically. Despite this extraordinary progress, teen pregnancy and childbearing in the United States remains higher than in all other western industrialized countries, and approximately three in 10 girls in the United States get pregnant by age 20. Clearly, there is still much progress to be made. Of course teens' decisions about sex and contraception are influenced by many factors, including their relationships, their future opportunities, and the quality, quantity, and sources of their information. Accordingly, this book of charts and statistics includes not only trends on key measures such as sexual activity, contraceptive use, and pregnancy, but also other indicators ranging from teens' relationships with parents and peers, to community involvement, educational achievement and aspirations, and media consumption. While no single volume can provide a truly comprehensive portrait of teens, this compilation of indicators presents recent trends in teen childbearing and teen pregnancy in a broader context. "Freeze Frame" is an update to the authors' original volume published in 2005. The update is timely given not only the extent to which teen pregnancy and childbearing continues to decline, but also given the sea change in teens' lives, particularly their interaction with media. From mobile phones to social networking with friends, these advances in technology and the way we all communicate have transformed how teens communicate with each other. Of course, these changes also provide a new and promising way to reach teens as well. "Freeze Frame" is grouped into five main categories--sex and related measures, peer and family relationships, school, community, and media. (Contains 62 footnotes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

Related Items: Show Related Items

Full-Text Availability Options:

 ERIC Full Text (1415K) |  More Info:
Help Find in a Library

Descriptors:
Identification; Pregnancy; Adolescents; Brain Hemisphere Functions; Empathy; Females; Behavior Disorders; Correlation; Early Parenthood; Personality Problems; Antisocial Behavior; Diagnostic Tests; Neurology; Control Groups; Aggression; Emotional Response; Rewards; Cognitive Processes

Abstract:
Background: Conduct disorder (CD) in female adolescents is associated with a range of negative outcomes, including teenage pregnancy and antisocial personality disorder. Although recent studies have documented changes in brain structure and function in male adolescents with CD, there have been no neuroimaging studies of female adolescents with CD. Our primary objective was to investigate whether female adolescents with CD show changes in grey matter volume. Our secondary aim was to assess for sex differences in the relationship between CD and brain structure. Methods: Female adolescents with CD (n = 22) and healthy control participants matched in age, performance IQ and handedness (n = 20) underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging. Group comparisons of grey matter volume were performed using voxel-based morphometry. We also tested for sex differences using archive data obtained from male CD and control participants. Results: Female adolescents with CD showed reduced bilateral anterior insula and right striatal grey matter volumes compared with healthy controls. Aggressive CD symptoms were negatively correlated with right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex volume, whereas callous-unemotional traits were positively correlated with bilateral orbitofrontal cortex volume. The sex differences analyses revealed a main effect of diagnosis on right amygdala volume (reflecting reduced amygdala volume in the combined CD group relative to controls) and sex-by-diagnosis interactions in bilateral anterior insula. Conclusions: We observed structural abnormalities in brain regions involved in emotion processing, reward and empathy in female adolescents with CD, which broadly overlap with those reported in previous studies of CD in male adolescents. (Contains 2 tables and 3 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

Related Items: Show Related Items

Full-Text Availability Options:

More Info:
Help | Tutorial Help Finding Full Text |  More Info:
Help Find in a Library |  Publisher's website

Descriptors:
Birth Rate; Pregnancy; Early Parenthood; Adolescents; Trend Analysis; Barriers; Social Problems; At Risk Persons; Costs; Foreign Countries; Developed Nations; Geographic Location; Disadvantaged Youth

Abstract:
In 2002, Child Trends drew on statistics and research findings to produce a report called "Ten Reasons to Keep the Focus on Teen Childbearing." That report took note of the steady decline in the nation's teenage pregnancy and childbearing rates, beginning in 1991, while citing multiple reasons to continue to be concerned about teen childbearing. The teen birth rate in the United States increased in 2006 and 2007, spurring renewed concerns about the problem of "kids having kids" on the part of parents, policy makers, service providers, researchers, and others. When teens become parents, they face formidable obstacles on the road to a better life for themselves and their children. Additionally, teen parenthood imposes significant financial and other burdens on society as a whole. This Research Brief updates Child Trends' 2002 report to make the case for why teenage childbearing deserves continued attention. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

Related Items: Show Related Items

Full-Text Availability Options:

More Info:
Help | Tutorial Help Finding Full Text |  Publisher's website

Descriptors:
Pregnancy; Sexuality; Adolescents; Foreign Countries; Citizenship; Working Class; Females; Social Influences; Feminism; Attitudes; Early Parenthood; Mothers; Gender Issues; Power Structure; Biographies; Sex Education; Health Education

Abstract:
This article focuses on Portuguese working-class teenage girls' voices and experiences concerning sexuality and pregnancy. Within a sociological, feminist and educational framework, it explores the girls' perspective on sexual and intimate citizenship as evidence of fairer forms of regulation of teenage sexualities. Through building life histories of three pregnant and teenage mothers, this article aims to understand how girls rehearse and live out their sexualities and pregnancies as well as listen to their voices and recognise their demand for inclusion and respect. Gender power relations emerge as central in configuring girls' pathways and shed light on youth pregnancy. (Contains 5 notes and 1 table.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

Related Items: Show Related Items

Full-Text Availability Options:

More Info:
Help | Tutorial Help Finding Full Text |  More Info:
Help Find in a Library |  Publisher's website