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1. A Purple Giraffe Is Faster than a Purple Elephant: Inconsistent Phonology Affects Determiner Selection in English (EJ863000)
Author(s):
Spalek, Katharina; Bock, Kathryn; Schriefers, Herbert
Source:
Cognition, v114 n1 p123-128 Jan 2010
Pub Date:
2010-01-00
Pub Type(s):
Journal Articles; Reports - Research
Peer-Reviewed:
Yes
Descriptors: Phonology; Nouns; Grammar; Language Processing; Context Effect; English
Abstract: The form of a determiner is dependent on different contextual factors: in some languages grammatical number and grammatical gender determine the choice of a determiner variant. In other languages, the phonological onset of the element immediately following the determiner affects selection, too. Previous work has shown that the activation of opposing determiner forms by a noun's grammatical properties leads to slower naming latencies in a picture naming task, as does the activation of opposing forms by the interaction between a noun's gender and the phonological context. The present paper addresses the question of whether phonological context alone is sufficient to evoke competition between determiner forms. Participants produced English phrases in which a noun phrase's phonology required a determiner that was the same as or differed from the determiner required by the noun itself (e.g., "a purple giraffe"; "an orange giraffe"). Naming latencies were slower when the phrase-initial determiner differed from the determiner required by the noun in isolation than when the phrase-initial determiner matched the isolated-noun determiner. This was true both for definite and indefinite determiners. The data show that during the production of a determiner-noun phrase, nouns automatically activate the phonological forms of their determiners, which can compete with the phonological forms that are generated by an assimilation rule. (Contains 2 figures and 2 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
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2. Lexicality Drives Audio-Motor Transformations in Broca's Area (EJ867502)
Kotz, S. A.; D'Ausilio, A.; Raettig, T.; Begliomini, C.; Craighero, L.; Fabbri-Destro, M.; Zingales, C.; Haggard, P.; Fadiga, L.
Brain and Language, v112 n1 p3-11 Jan 2010
Descriptors: Speech; Brain Hemisphere Functions; Cognitive Processes; Diagnostic Tests; Cognitive Mapping; Psychomotor Skills; Phonology; Rhyme; Cues; Role
Abstract: Broca's area is classically associated with speech production. Recently, Broca's area has also been implicated in speech perception and non-linguistic information processing. With respect to the latter function, Broca's area is considered to be a central area in a network constituting the human mirror system, which maps observed or heard actions onto motor programs to execute analogous actions. These mechanisms share some similarities with Liberman's motor theory, where objects of speech perception correspond to listener's intended articulatory gestures. The aim of the current series of behavioral, TMS and fMRI studies was to test if Broca's area is indeed implicated in such audio-motor transformations. More specifically, using a classical phonological rhyme priming paradigm, we investigated whether the role of Broca's area could be purely phonological or rather, is lexical in nature. In the behavioral baseline study, we found a large priming effect in word prime/target pairs (W-W) and no effect for pseudo-words (PW-PW). Online TMS interference of Broca's area canceled the priming difference between W-W and PW-PW by enhancing the effects for PW-PW. Finally, the fMRI study showed activation of Broca's area for W-W pairs, but not for PW-PW pairs. Our data show that Broca's area plays a significant role in speech perception strongly linked to the lexicality of a stimulus. (Contains 4 tables and 3 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
3. Voice Onset Time in Parkinson Disease (EJ869608)
Fischer, Emily; Goberman, Alexander M.
Journal of Communication Disorders, v43 n1 p21-34 Jan-Feb 2010
2010-00-00
Descriptors: Speech Communication; Phonology; Diseases; Speech Impairments; Drug Therapy; Control Groups; Articulation (Speech); Vowels; Measures (Individuals)
Abstract: Research has found that speaking rate has an effect on voice onset time (VOT). Given that Parkinson disease (PD) affects speaking rate, the purpose of this study was to examine VOT with the effect of rate removed (VOT ratio), along with the traditional VOT measure, in individuals with PD. VOT and VOT ratio were examined in 9 individuals with PD (before and after taking medication), along with 9 matched controls. Place of articulation and vowel height had significant effects on VOT and VOT ratio for all groups, and there were no PD versus control differences. PD medication had a greater effect on VOT than VOT ratio, reflecting a rate-related VOT change rather than a pure VOT change. These data support the usefulness of examining both VOT and VOT ratio with individuals with PD, as this allows for dissociation between rate-related VOT changes and true VOT changes. Learning outcomes: The reader will be able to understand and describe: (1) voice onset time (VOT) and VOT ratio; (2) how VOT and VOT ratio are affected in individuals with Parkinson disease; and (3) the effect of medication on VOT and VOT ratio. (Contains 5 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
4. Phonological Knowledge Guides 2-Year-Olds' and Adults' Interpretation of Salient Pitch Contours in Word Learning (EJ869800)
Quam, Carolyn; Swingley, Daniel
Journal of Memory and Language, v62 n2 p135-150 Feb 2010
2010-02-00
Descriptors: Phonetics; Linguistics; Word Recognition; Phonology; Intonation; English; Pronunciation; Toddlers; Adults; Vocabulary Development; Vowels; Knowledge Level
Abstract: Phonology provides a system by which a limited number of types of phonetic variation can signal communicative intentions at multiple levels of linguistic analysis. Because phonologies vary from language to language, acquiring the phonology of a language demands learning to attribute phonetic variation appropriately. Here, we studied the case of pitch-contour variation. In English, pitch contour does not differentiate words, but serves other functions, like marking yes/no questions and conveying emotions. We show that, in accordance with their phonology, English-speaking adults and 2-year-olds do not interpret salient pitch contours as inherent to novel words. We taught participants a new word with consistent segmental and pitch characteristics, and then tested word recognition for trained and deviant pronunciations using an eyegaze-based procedure. Vowel-quality mispronunciations impaired recognition, but large changes in pitch contour did not. By age 2, children already apply their knowledge of English phonology to interpret phonetic consistencies in their experience with words. (Contains 4 tables and 5 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
5. Limits on Bilingualism Revisited: Stress Deafness in Simultaneous French-Spanish Bilinguals (EJ869943)
Dupoux, Emmanuel; Peperkamp, Sharon; Sebastian-Galles, Nuria
Cognition, v114 n2 p266-275 Feb 2010
Descriptors: Control Groups; Language Dominance; Short Term Memory; Language Processing; Spanish; French; Native Speakers; Bilingualism; Phonology; Auditory Perception; Task Analysis; Vocabulary; Decision Making; Correlation
Abstract: We probed simultaneous French-Spanish bilinguals for the perception of Spanish lexical stress using three tasks, two short-term memory encoding tasks and a speeded lexical decision. In all three tasks, the performance of the group of simultaneous bilinguals was intermediate between that of native speakers of Spanish on the one hand and French late learners of Spanish on the other hand. Using a composite stress "deafness" index measure computed over the results of the three tasks, we found that the performance of the simultaneous bilinguals is best fitted by a bimodal distribution that corresponds to a mixture of the performance distributions of the two control groups. Correlation analyses showed that the variables explaining language dominance are linked to early language exposure. These findings are discussed in light of theories of language processing in bilinguals. (Contains 3 tables and 2 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
6. Orthographic Influences, Vocabulary Development, and Phonological Awareness in Deaf Children Who Use Cochlear Implants (EJ866621)
James, Deborah; Rajput, Kaukab; Brinton, Julie; Goswami, Usha
Applied Psycholinguistics, v30 n4 p659-684 Oct 2009
2009-10-00
Journal Articles; Reports - Evaluative
Descriptors: Phonology; Reading; Deafness; Phonological Awareness; Rhyme; Assistive Technology; Vocabulary Development; Children; Comparative Analysis; Reading Achievement; Predictor Variables; Applied Linguistics; Psycholinguistics; Language Processing; Syllables; Orthographic Symbols; Phoneme Grapheme Correspondence; Reading Skills; Reading Processes
Abstract: In the current study, we explore the influence of orthographic knowledge on phonological awareness in children with cochlear implants and compare developmental associations to those found for hearing children matched for word reading level or chronological age. We show an influence of orthographic knowledge on syllable and phoneme awareness in deaf and hearing children, but no orthographic effect on rhyme awareness. Nonorthographic rhyme awareness was a significant predictor of reading outcomes for all groups. However, whereas receptive vocabulary knowledge was the most important predictor of word reading variance in the cochlear implant group, rhyme awareness was the only important predictor of word reading variance in the reading level matched hearing group. Both vocabulary and rhyme awareness were equally important in predicting reading in the chronological age-matched hearing group. The data suggest that both deaf and hearing children are influenced by orthography when making phonological judgments, and that phonological awareness and vocabulary are both important for reading development. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
7. From Grapheme to Word in Reading Acquisition in Spanish (EJ866618)
Cuetos, Fernando; Suarez-Coalla, Paz
Applied Psycholinguistics, v30 n4 p583-601 Oct 2009
Descriptors: Stimuli; Pronunciation; Phonology; Morphemes; Graphemes; Spanish Speaking; Spanish; Children; Linguistic Input; Applied Linguistics; Psycholinguistics; Language Processing; Orthographic Symbols; Phoneme Grapheme Correspondence; Language Acquisition; Child Development; Cognitive Development; Language Skills; Reading Skills; Reading Processes; Beginning Reading; Language Classification
Abstract: The relationship between written words and their pronunciation varies considerably among different orthographic systems, and these variations have repercussions on learning to read. Children whose languages have deep orthographies must learn to pronounce larger units, such as rhymes, morphemes, or whole words, to achieve the correct pronunciation of some words. However, children whose languages have transparent orthographies need only learn to pronounce graphemes to be able to read any word. In this study, the reading evolution of Spanish-speaking children was investigated for the purpose of discovering when and for what types of stimuli lexical information is used in Spanish. Five- to 10-year-old children were presented with lists of stimuli in which lexicality, frequency, and length were manipulated. The results in terms of reading accuracy and speed showed that the influence of stimulus length is great in the early grades and later diminishes, and just the opposite is the case for lexicality and frequency. These data suggest that reading acquisition in Spanish constitutes a continuum that ranges from phonological recoding to the use of lexical strategies, and that this transition is made at a very early stage, at least for the most frequent words. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
8. Orthographic and Phonological Effects in the Picture-Word Interference Paradigm: Evidence from a Logographic Language (EJ866620)
Bi, Yanchao; Xu, Yaoda; Caramazza, Alfonso
Applied Psycholinguistics, v30 n4 p637-658 Oct 2009
Descriptors: Speech Communication; Phonology; Models; Mandarin Chinese; Visual Aids; Applied Linguistics; Psycholinguistics; Language Processing; Orthographic Symbols; Children; Language Skills; Verbal Stimuli; Visual Stimuli; Recognition (Psychology)
Abstract: One important finding with the picture-word interference paradigm is that picture-naming performance is facilitated by the presentation of a distractor (e.g., CAP) formally related to the picture name (e.g., "cat"). In two picture-naming experiments we investigated the nature of such form facilitation effect with Mandarin Chinese, separating the effects of phonology and orthography. Significant facilitation effects were observed both when distractors were only orthographically or only phonologically related to the targets. The orthographic effect was overall stronger than the phonological effect. These findings suggest that the classic form facilitation effect in picture-word interference is a mixed effect with multiple loci: it cannot be attributed merely to the nonlexical activation of the target phonological segments from the visual input of the distractor. It seems instead that orthographically only related distractors facilitate the lexical selection process of picture naming, and phonologically only related distractors facilitate the retrieval of target phonological segments. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
9. Common Variance in Amplitude Envelope Perception Tasks and Their Impact on Phoneme Duration Perception and Reading and Spelling in Finnish Children with Reading Disabilities (EJ866615)
Hamalainen, J. A.; Leppanen, P. H. T.; Eklund, K.; Thomson, J.; Richardson, U.; Guttorm, T. K.; Witton, C.; Poikkeus, A. -M.; Goswami, U.; Lyytinen, H.
Applied Psycholinguistics, v30 n3 p511-530 Jul 2009
2009-07-00
Descriptors: Reading Difficulties; Spelling; Phonemes; Auditory Perception; Foreign Countries; Speech Communication; Children; Auditory Discrimination; Language Processing; Phonology; Perceptual Impairments
Abstract: Our goal was to investigate auditory and speech perception abilities of children with and without reading disability (RD) and associations between auditory, speech perception, reading, and spelling skills. Participants were 9-year-old, Finnish-speaking children with RD (N = 30) and typically reading children (N = 30). Results showed significant group differences between the groups in phoneme duration discrimination but not in perception of amplitude modulation and rise time. Correlations among rise time discrimination, phoneme duration, and spelling accuracy were found for children with RD. Those children with poor rise time discrimination were also poor in phoneme duration discrimination and in spelling. Results suggest that auditory processing abilities could, at least in some children, affect speech perception skills, which in turn would lead to phonological processing deficits and dyslexia. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
10. The Influence of the Phonological Neighborhood Clustering Coefficient on Spoken Word Recognition (EJ865285)
Chan, Kit Ying; Vitevitch, Michael S.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, v35 n6 p1934-1949 Dec 2009
2009-12-00
Descriptors: Word Recognition; Speech; Phonology; Language Processing; Reaction Time; Network Analysis; Experiments; Native Speakers; English; College Students
Abstract: Clustering coefficient--a measure derived from the new science of networks--refers to the proportion of phonological neighbors of a target word that are also neighbors of each other. Consider the words "bat", "hat", and "can", all of which are neighbors of the word "cat"; the words "bat" and "hat" are also neighbors of each other. In a perceptual identification task, words with a low clustering coefficient (i.e., few neighbors are neighbors of each other) were more accurately identified than words with a high clustering coefficient (i.e., many neighbors are neighbors of each other). In a lexical decision task, words with a low clustering coefficient were responded to more quickly than words with a high clustering coefficient. These findings suggest that the structure of the lexicon (i.e., the similarity relationships among neighbors of the target word measured by clustering coefficient) influences lexical access in spoken word recognition. Simulations of the TRACE and Shortlist models of spoken word recognition failed to account for the present findings. A framework for a new model of spoken word recognition is proposed. (Contains 3 footnotes and 2 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
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